European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Background: Benign breast diseases (BBDs) encompass a diverse range of lesions that can present with various clinical symptoms or remain asymptomatic. These conditions are more common in young women, particularly during the reproductive years, with a decreasing prevalence in older age groups. Accurate diagnosis requires clinical assessment, imaging, and cytological/histopathological correlation. Methods: This observational study was conducted over six months at a tertiary care center and included 100 female patients diagnosed with benign breast diseases. All patients underwent clinical examination, fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), and, where necessary, histopathological examination (HPE) for confirmation. Data were analyzed using SPSS software to determine diagnostic accuracy and correlation between cytological and histopathological findings. Results: The majority of cases (60%) were in the 21-30 years age group, followed by 22% in the 31-40 years group. The most common clinical presentation was a painless, mobile breast lump (68%), followed by a lump with pain (24%). Fibroadenoma (58%) was the most frequently diagnosed lesion, followed by fibrocystic disease (13%) and proliferative breast disease (12%). Cytological diagnoses closely correlated with histopathological findings, with minimal discrepancies primarily in differentiating fibroadenoma from fibrocystic disease and intraductal papilloma. Conclusion: Benign breast diseases predominantly affect young women, with fibroadenoma being the most common lesion. The majority of cases present with a painless breast lump, and FNAC serves as a reliable diagnostic tool. However, histopathology remains essential for confirming certain cases. Early diagnosis and appropriate management can help alleviate patient concerns and improve clinical outcomes

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are significant contributors to post-operative morbidity and prolonged hospital stays. Identifying predictive factors such as hypocholesterolemia and hypoalbuminemia can help in risk stratification and improving patient outcomes. This observational study aims to evaluate the role of hypocholesterolemia and hypoalbuminemia as predictors of SSIs. Methodology: A total of 50 patients undergoing various surgical procedures at tertiary care hospital central India, were included in this observational study conducted over three months. Data were collected from patient case files, including pre-operative cholesterol and albumin levels, peri-operative details, and post-operative outcomes. Patients were monitored for the development of SSIs.  Results: The study included 50 participants, with a male predominance (70%) and females accounting for 30%. The majority of participants (56%) were aged between 21-40 years, followed by 36% in the 41-60 age group. Normal cholesterol levels were observed in 58% of participants, while 28% had hypocholesterolemia and 14% had hypercholesterolemia. Regarding albumin levels, hypo-albuminemia was present in 25 participants, with a higher incidence of surgical site infections (SSI) at 44%, compared to 35.3% in the normal albumin group and 12.5% in the hyper-albuminemia group. Additionally, SSI occurrence was more prevalent among participants with hypocholesterolemia (42%) compared to those with normal (10%) or hypercholesterolemia (8%) levels. These findings suggest a significant association between lower albumin and cholesterol levels with increased SSI risk. Conclusion:Hypocholesterolemia and hypoalbuminemia are significant predictors of surgical site infections. Pre-operative screening for these parameters can help in identifying high-risk patients and implementing targeted preventive strategies.

Background:   Hypertension is grouped into two main categories. These include primary and secondary hypertension. Primary hypertension is also known as essential hypertension and it affects ninety-five percent of persons suffering from the disease. Causes of hypertension are not yet known, however, factors as age, high salt intake, low potassium diet, sedentary lifestyle, stress as well as genes have been found as contributing to hypertension. Aerobic exercises, such as running, swimming, and dance, involve prolonged activity of large muscle groups. In many studies aerobic exercise is defined by physical exercise implying a regular, structured, leisure-time pursuit. Material and Method: It is a prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study. This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital over a period of 1 years. Experimental study design was carried out with a sample of 180 participants. Participants were randomly allocated using sealed envelope method to receive either aerobic training. Informed consent was taken from all the participants included in the study. Results: In aerobic group Mean Systolic Blood Pressure in pre-test 135.65 ± 6.35 mm of Hg and post-test 133.65 ± 6.12. In aerobic group Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure in pre-test 91.63 ± 5.83 mm of Hg and post-test 87.73 ± 5.33.  Conclusion: The pre test and post test scored are noted and analysis was done using independent‘t’ test which favored the alternate hypothesis. The intra group analysis was done results were analysis using paired‘t’ test, which favored the alternate hypothesis. The study concludes that aerobic and resistance exercises is achieving normal blood pressure level in patients with stage I hyper tension. Thus, this study accepts the alternate hypothesis. 

Background: The identification of human remains is a cornerstone of forensic science, especially in situations where traditional identification methods are impractical. The morphological differences in the frontal and maxillary sinuses offer a novel approach for gender determination, providing a unique intersection between forensic science and the clinical expertise of Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) surgeons. This study investigates the potential of using frontal and maxillary sinus dimensions as reliable markers for gender differentiation. Materials and Methods: This observational study analyzed 200 anonymized patient records, equally distributed between males and females, aged 18-60 years, who underwent sinus CT scans for reasons unrelated to the study. Measurements of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, including height, width, and volume, were conducted using ImageJ software. The study employed independent t-tests to assess gender differences in sinus dimensions and calculated inter-observer reliability using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) Results: Our findings indicate significant differences in the dimensions of the frontal and maxillary sinuses between genders, with males displaying larger dimensions. High ICC values (0.89 to 0.94) demonstrated excellent measurement reliability. Additionally, there was minimal correlation between sinus dimensions and age, suggesting the utility of these measurements across a broad age range for gender determination. Conclusion: The assessment of frontal and maxillary sinus dimensions presents a viable, non-invasive method for gender determination in forensic contexts. The study highlights the value of integrating ENT surgeons' expertise and advanced imaging techniques in forensic science, potentially revolutionizing identification processes in scenarios where traditional methods are unavailable.