European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Background: The hippocampus is a bi-layered structure composed of grey matter found medially within the temporal lobe, which extends over the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle and occupies the medial area of its base.  OBJECTIVES: 1. To establish the normogram values of hippocampal lobe volumes on 3 Tesla MRIs.2. To assess the volume of the hippocampal lobe in patients with Mesial Temporal Sclerosis. MATERIAL & METHODS: Study Design: A prospective hospital-based study. Study area: Department of Radio Diagnosis, M. V. J Medical College & Research Hospital, Hoskote, Bangalore. Study Period: 1 year. Study population: Paediatric patients referred to the Department of Radio-diagnosis with clinical suspicion of partial seizures in the age group of 0 – 16 years. Sample size: The study consisted of 40 subjects.  Sampling method: Simple random technique. Results: The mean left and right HCVs before normalisation were 2050.40 ± 70.04 mm3 and 2073.93 ± 62.15 mm3 among children with hippocampal atrophy and 2053.65 ± 73.65 mm3 and 2075.59 ± 77.59 mm3 among normal children respectively. The normalised mean HCV in the left and right was 2.0+/-.35 cc3 and 2.1+/- .35 cc3 in case children, 2.5+/-.35 cc3 and 2.6+/-.35 cc3 in normal children. CONCLUSION:  In conclusion, seizures are a significant neurological issue in childhood, with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) being the most common lesion in surgically eligible epileptic patients. MTS is always associated with clinical seizures and is more prevalent in males, though without significant gender predilection.

Introduction A systemic disease's significant eye symptom is pseudo exfoliation syndrome1. It was Lindberg who while conducting his research paid attention to greyish flakes and fringes at the pupillary border and on anterior lens surface. This was found to be as common in cataract patients as in non-cataractous controls older than 55 years. The phenomenon was observed in 50% of glaucoma patients as well. It was also noticed that this was more prevalent with advancing age.  Material and Methods the current study, a cross-sectional assessment of the population, was conducted in a hospital in the Hospital. Every patient 45 years of age or older who visited the OPD over a period of 6 months had an evaluation for PEX and PXG. In all, the data analysis took place for two years. Obtaining consent from the institutional ethics committee was accomplished with each participant. In cases where typical PEX was discovered at the pupil, lens surface, or other intraocular structures, it was considered that PEX was present in the eye.  Results Among 80 patients, 50 (62.5%) were aged 70–79 years, 25 (31.25%) were 60–69 years, 4 (5%) were over 80, and 1 (1.25%) was 51–59 years. The mean age was 71.83±5.80 years. Males comprised 56 (70%), and females 24 (30%). Bilateral PXF was found in 60 patients (85.71%, 120 eyes), and unilateral in 20 (14.29%, 20 eyes). Lens involvement occurred in 111 (79.29%) eyes, pupillary in 109 (77.86%), iris in 56 (40%), cornea in 20 (14.29%), and angle in 6 (4.29%). Conclusion PES is an age-related, complex systemic disease and characterized by the progressive accumulation of PXM in all ocular tissue, in addition to other parts of the body such as the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, cerebral meninges, vessel walls, and skin. Multiple epidemiological, geographic, and environmental factors play roles in its pathogenesis. Also, an association between genetic polymorphisms in the LOX1 gene and the disease is known.

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory effects, and potential side effects of synthetic and natural antioxidants in controlling oxidative stress in inflammatory conditions. Methodology: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of synthetic and natural antioxidants in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in 100 individuals with inflammatory diseases. A randomized controlled trial was conducted with participants assigned to either a synthetic antioxidant group or a natural antioxidant group, with assessments at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Key outcomes measured included reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein [CRP] and tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α]), and Disease Activity Score (DAS28). Statistical analyses, including t-tests, ANOVA, and multivariate regression, were employed to compare the changes in these markers between the two groups over time. Result: The results revealed that both antioxidant groups experienced significant reductions in ROS, CRP, and TNF-α, with the natural antioxidant group showing a more pronounced improvement. At 6 months, the natural antioxidant group exhibited a 53.5% reduction in ROS levels, compared to a 40% reduction in the synthetic antioxidant group. Similarly, the natural antioxidant group showed greater reductions in CRP and TNF-α, and a significantly lower DAS28 score (2.7) compared to the synthetic antioxidant group (3.5). Statistical significance was observed at both the 3-month (p = 0.04) and 6-month (p = 0.02) time points for disease activity. Conclusion: Natural antioxidants demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and disease activity compared to synthetic antioxidants. These findings suggest that natural antioxidants may offer a more effective and comprehensive therapeutic approach for managing inflammatory diseases, potentially leading to better long-term clinical outcomes. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and the broader applicability of natural antioxidants in clinical practice.

Background: To compare SMILE (Small Incision Lenticule Extraction) and FS-LASİK (Femtosecond Laser In Situ Keratomileusis) procedures in terms of dry eye disease. SMILE is a less invasive and flapless method, in this technique, an instrastromal lenticule is extracted through a small incision, anterior cornea is left intact thus corneal biomechanical stability is protected and nerve fibers are preserved, that causes reduction in dry eye. Materials and methods:  This is a prospective study was conducted in the Department of Ophthalmology, Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences. Before the surgery, patients read and signed an informed written consent. Forty-seven patients with myopia and/or myopic astigmatism who had undergone SMILE procedure. Forty-three patients with myopia and/or myopic astigmatism who had undergone FSLASIK procedure. Result: Post hoc tests showed that, at 1 and 3 months after operation, there was a statistically significant decrease in TBUT from preoperative values in the SMILE group (8.32 ± 1.39, 𝑝 < 0.001, and 10.25 ± 0.99, 𝑝 < 0.001, resp.), before returning to preoperative values by 6 and 12 months (11.62 ± 0.99, 𝑝 = 0.740, and 11.88 ± 0.98, 𝑝 = 1.00, resp.). In the FS-LASIK group, TBUT was statistically significantly reduced from preoperative values at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperatively (8.58 ± 1.28 𝑝 < 0.001, 9.48 ± 0.99, 𝑝< 0.001, and 10.24 ± 1.49, 𝑝 < 0.001, resp.), before returning to preoperative values at 12 months (11.35 ± 0.94, 𝑝 = 0.826) Conclusion: The results in both procedures are matching and comparable but a further contralateral eye studies is needed to have a homogenous preoperative matching and avoid bias

Introduction: Bacterial keratitis is also often referred to as a 'corneal ulcer'. In practice, these terms are not directly interchangeable because a cornea may harbor a bacterial infection (i.e bacterial keratitis) without having a loss of tissue (an ulcer) and a cornea may have an ulcer without a bacterial infection. Bacterial keratitis is a serious bacterial infection of the cornea which can, in severe cases, cause loss of vision. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study conducted over a period of six months at the Department of Ophthalmology. Inclusion Criteria: Patients above the age of 18 years presenting with suspected corneal ulceration and having symptoms of pain, redness, watering, photophobia and decreased vision were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with typical features of viral infection and healing ulcers were excluded as were Mooren's ulcers, interstitial keratitis, sterile neurotropic ulcers, and any ulcer associated with autoimmune conditions. Results: Total 90 patients were enrolled with a corneal infiltration that was clinically compatible with the diagnosis of bacterial corneal ulcer. Majority of them were male 54 (60%) and female 40%. The age of patients ranged from 1 to >60 years. Majority of 21-40 years age group (41.1%). The keratitis was induced by foreign body particles were most common risk factor 24.4%. Corneal localization of the ulcers was distributed as in 51 (56.6%) patient's central and in 39 (43.3%) peripheral. The diameter of the corneal ulceration was of 1-2 mm in 24 (26.6%), 3-4 mm in 29 (32.2%), 5-6 mm in 21 (23.3%), 7-8 mm in 9 (10.0%) patients, 7 (7.7%) patients had entire corneal involvement. Ulceration depth was less than 1/3 conreal thickness in 46 (51.1%), between 1/3 to 2/3 in 26 (28.8%) patients and over 2/3 in 18 (20.0%) patients. Anterior chamber inflammation was absent in 9 (10%) patients. A1+ to 2+ Tyndall effect with 1+ to 2+ cells were present in 17 (18.8%) patients, and severe anterior chamber inflammation (3+ to 4+ Tyndall effect and cells, with or without hypopyon) was present in 64 (71.1%) patients. Conclusion: Bacterial Corneal ulcers are a vision-threatening ocular emergency. It is imperative that health care providers across specialties work together so that these patients may have the best possible outcome and avoid the many potential complications.

Background: Hypertension is a chronic illness associated with high morbidity and mortality. Once hypertension is diagnosed, starting antihypertensive therapy on a long-term basis along with regular follow up is important. Drug utilization research also provides insight into the efficiency of drug use, i.e. whether a certain drug therapy provides value for money and the results of such research can be used to help to set priorities for the rational allocation of health care budgets. The main objective of the study is to assess the utilization pattern of antihypertensive in a tertiary care hospital. Materials and methods: This prospective, cross‑sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Pharmacology, Dr. VRK Women's Medical College, Aziznagar, Moinabad. Before initiation of the study, the approval of the Institutional Ethics Committee was obtained. A predesigned pretested schedule was employed to collect the data. The schedule contained information pertaining to basic demographic variables, comorbid conditions, and a format to assess the antihypertensive drugs prescribed. Patients coming to the medicine outpatient department were screened over a 4‑month period. Among all the prescriptions that were screened, prescriptions that had antihypertensive medication as a component were noted along with the hospital number. Results: A Total of 90 patients with history of hypertension were included. In the present study majority of patients i.e., 55.6% (50/90) were among 51-60 years, followed by 24.4% (22/90) patients among 41-50 years, 11.1% (10/90) were 61-70 years.5.6% among 30-40 years, 2.2% were among 71-80 years, least were more than 81 years i.e., 1.1%. The patients were categorized depending on the stages of the hypertension- 10 /90 (11.1%) patients belonged to prehypertension stage, 60/90 patients (66.7%) belonged to stage 1 hypertension and 20/90 (22.2%) patients belonged to stage 2 hypertension. Conclusion: In this study usage of anti-hypertensive drugs were prescribed rationally in tertiary care hospital. The study emphasizes that need for effective continuing medical education and also preventive measures in hypertensive individuals

Objective: The present study investigated the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of leaves of Ageratum conyzoides. Methods: leaves of ethanol extract of Ageratum conyzoides were tested for in vitro free radical scavenging assays, nitric oxide, such as hydroxyl radical, inhibition of superoxide anion radical, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH), and hydroxyl radical. Results: leaves extract effectively scavenged free radicals at all different concentrations and showed its potent antioxidant activity. Further, these effects were in a dose dependent manner. Results were compared to standard antioxidants Conclusion: leaves of Ageratum conyzoides showed strong antioxidant potential.

Background: Maternal nutritional status is important for health and quality of life in women and growing fetus. Maternal weight gain in pregnancy can offer a good means of assessing the wellbeing of the pregnant mother and her baby. Inadequate prenatal weight gain is a significant risk factor for intrauterine growth restriction, preterm delivery and low birth weight in infants. Obesity and excessive weight gain on the other hand can lead to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Interestingly, to get a good fetomaternal perinatal outcome mode of delivery decision is also changed with BMI. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of maternal BMI on the mode of delivery. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. A total 100 population of purposive sampling was the methods of choice to select the sample from the hospital admitted patients during the period from August 2016 to December 2017. Results: The mean age of 100 mothers were 28.4 (± 6.2) years. The maximum mothers attended from 3rd trimester were overweight (55.36%) whereas 44.64% from the same trimester were normal BMI mothers. Maximum mothers (27%) were from 25-29 years age group and the minimum mothers (4%) were from >= 40 years. Forty Seven Percent mothers came as primigravida. Primigravid women and multigravida with LSCS and without LSCS showed different mode of deliveries. The more the gravida with history of caesarean section the more frequency of present occasion of CS (p=0.006). The higher BMI showed more frequency of caesarean section than NVD or assisted delivery (p=<0.00001) Multiparous women showed more BMI than the p nulliparous. (p=0.005). Multiparity, maternal age and pre-existing medical conditions revealed more complicated labor. Conclusion: The more BMI of mother showed more frequency of caesarean section, assisted delivery than the normal vaginal delivery.

Introduction: The cerebellar mutism syndrome is a neurological condition which has been seen in children and only rarely described in adults after surgery of the posterior fossa. It usually appears as a consequence of posterior fossa surgery in children with cerebellar or fourth ventricle tumors. Objectives: It is a case report of an adolescent girl from Bangladesh presenting with postoperative cerebellar mutism. Case: The 15-year-old young, student initially presented with headache of raised intracranial pressure due to obstruction. She developed mutism on the second postoperative day following Surgery for astrocytoma of fourth ventricle. By the second and third post- operative day, her responses to query had almost stopped, but to persistent queries she gave a single word response and it was restricted to either ‘yes’ or ‘no’. She remained silent and kept her eyes closed most of the time and cried for any attempts to wake her. She had mood instability with sudden unprovoked laughter followed by cry. She ate what she was fed and did not have any difficulty swallowing. Conclusion: To the authors’ best knowledge, this is first case report of the cerebellar mutism in Bangladesh which would help the clinicians to deal with syndrome

COVID-19 or SARS-COV-2 is a serious viral illness that has spread all over the world, this disease belongs to the group of coronaviruses. Like other coronaviruses it was transmitted to humans by animals, which is said to be an outbreak from a fish market in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that COVID-19 is a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2]. For the management of spreading of this disease, some countries forced a complete lockdown. Social distancing, hand hygiene, and isolation were considered largely effective for COVID-19 control [2]. Many medications have been reported for the treatment of Covid-19 disease. One of these medications is hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine which has gained a lot of popularity during the pandemic. This study aims to review the effect of HCQ and CQ on cardiovascular patients with COVID-19 and estimate the potential adverse effects.

The risk of Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers in patients with Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is high, and such a risk is not always fully taken into consideration, as Yamada et al. [1]. CF is characterized by altered management of intracellular Chloride (Cl-), owing to altered sequences in the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator gene (CFTR). The heterozygous frequency of at least one of the over 1900 mutated sequences of this gene occurs in one of 13 and one of 24 people, respectively, of Ashkenazy and of European descent, a non- infrequent occurrence. Altered Cl- transport might occur also in heterozygous individuals, albeit at a somewhat non-dangerous level. Additional increased modification of Cl- transport can be caused by the Vacuolating Toxin (VacA) of Helicobacter pylori as its p33 subunit with the N-terminal part of the p55 subunit also acts as a chloride channel [2]. VacA is known to circulate in vescicles called exosomes; these are very stable, can enter any cell type, and, therefore, have been proposed as a vehicle for therapies that need to reach distant organs. We wish to report our experience of testing chloride (Cl-) concentration in the sweat of patients with liver cirrhosis, aiming at excluding a risk factor for liver cancer development. Cl- levels above 59 mmol/L were found in 13 adult female patients who accepted to perform the test at the Regional Centre for cystic fibrosis of Torino; this level is a bona fide positive for Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator (CFTR) dysregulation. Seven of these patients had already been diagnosed with cancer (or subsequently were diagnosed) at varying sites (two in breast, one each lung, liver, endometrium, stomach, acoustic nerve).