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Research Article | Volume 15 Issue 3 (March, 2025) | Pages 852 - 855
A study of Open Cholecystectomy among Patients undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in a tertiary hospital in Central India.
 ,
1
Assistant Professor, Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of General Surgery, Government Medical College and Hospital, Nagpur
Under a Creative Commons license
Open Access
Received
Feb. 17, 2025
Revised
Feb. 27, 2025
Accepted
March 7, 2025
Published
March 29, 2025
Abstract

Background: In the recent era, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice for symptomatic gallstone disease. The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a tertiary care centre in Central India. Method: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study done among 200 patients at the Department of Surgery of a tertiary care centre from June, 2022 to May, 2024. Successive patients who underwent elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the study period were included. Standard 4 port laparoscopic technique was used for the laparoscopic cholecystectomy and sub-costal Kocher incision was used for the open cholecystectomy respectively. After data collection, entry and analysis were done in Microsoft Excel 2016. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: Out of 200 patients, the prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 5 (2.5%) (0.65-4.11 at 95% Confidence Interval).Conclusion: This study showed that the prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was lower when compared to similar studies conducted in similar settings.

Keywords
INTRODUCTION

As we know that in recent times, Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard surgery for symptomatic cholelithiasis with low mortality and morbidity.1,2 However, 1% to 15% of conversion rate to Open Cholecystectomy (OC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reported.3 Converted cases were associated with increased perioperative time, complication rates, perioperative costs, the length of hospital stay, and a higher 30-day readmission rate.3,4

 

Conversion was also associated with complications including bile leak, bile duct injury, or bleeding, requiring reoperation or transfusion, and death. A recent detailed critical review found that preoperative variables like male gender, older age, high body mass index, previous abdominal surgery, the severity of cholecystitis, and gallbladder wall thickness were associated with the higher rate of conversion to OC.4 However, data regarding its prevalence lacking in our setting.

 

The aim of this study is to find out the prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a tertiary care centre.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

MATERIALS AND METHODS

It was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 200 patients at the Department of Surgery in a tertiary teaching Hospital in Central India from June, 2022 to May, 2024. Convenience sampling was done. All the cases of elective LC admitted during the study period were included. Age <10 years, gall bladder malignancy, adults with preoperative choledocholithiasis, and perforated gall bladder were excluded. The sample size was calculated using the formula,

 

n = (Z2 × p × q) / e2

 

  = (1.962 × 0.049 × 0.951) / 0.032

 

  = 199

 

Where,

 

n = minimum required sample size

 

Z = 1.96 at 95% Confidence Interval (CI)

 

p = prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, 4.9% 5

 

q = 1-p

 

e = margin of error, 3%

 

Thus, a sample size of 200 was taken and convenience sampling was done. Criteria for the diagnosis of symptomatic cholelithiasis are in accordance with the European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) Guideline 2016.6 LC was performed by the surgeons with an experience of more than 5 years in LC. Standard 4 port laparoscopic technique was used for the laparoscopic cholecystectomy and sub-costal Kocher incision was used for the open cholecystectomy respectively. Informed consent was obtained from every patient before enrolment into the study.

 

Data regarding demographic details, previous attack of biliary pathology, underlying condition, Huang classification of the biliary system,7 and outcome were collected. The data were entered and analysed in Microsoft Excel 2016. Point estimate at a 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and percentages for binary data.

RESULTS

Out of 200 patients, the prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was 5 (2.5%) (0.65-4.11 at 95% Confidence Interval). The study showed a male preponderance with a M:F ratio of 4:1 was seen.

 

The majority of the patients 4 (80%) were between the age of 20 and 60 years (Table 1).

 

Table 1: Demographic profile of the patients and conversion rate (n = 5).

Demographic data

No. of cases

Percentage

Age group (years)

<20

21 to 60

61 to 70

00

04

1

0.0

80.0

20.0

Sex

Male

4

80.0

Female

1

20.0

Previous attack

No

Yes

3

2

60.0

40.0

 

In total of 5 patients undergoing OC, males were 4 (80%) and females were 1 (20%) in number. Two (40%) of them had dense adhesion at the Calot's triangle with a previous attack of cholecystitis and biliary pancreatitis. One (20%) of them had acute calculus cholecystitis with concomitant Common Bile Duct (CBD) stone and adhesion at the Calot's triangle. Another one (20%) had Mirizzi syndrome type I and finally, the last one (20%) had the aberrant insertion of the right hepatic duct into the cystic duct. (Table 2).

 

Table 2: Underlying conditions in the patients undergoing open cholecystectomy (n = 5).

Underlying Condition

No. of cases

Percentage

Frozen Calot’s triangle

02

40.0

CBD stones

01

20.0

Mirizzi’s syndrome

01

20.0

Anomalous anatomy

01

20.0

DISCUSSION

Globally as well in India, Gall Stone Disease (GSD) is one of the most common biliary diseases.8 Symptomatic GSD is problematic and poses a huge economic burden to patients as well as to the country.9 Cholecystectomy is one of the most common abdominal surgical procedures performed today. Over 80% is performed laparoscopically in Europe and United States of America (USA).10 Different studies have shown that the conversion to an open procedure was affected by multiple aspects like the patient factor, pathology of the gallbladder, and the surgeon factors.11

The overall prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the current study was better (2.5%) than in another similar study (4.61%) conducted in the same setting.12 This could be due to the ongoing worldwide COVID-19 crisis that led to the overall decrease in elective surgeries in our centre. In the subgroup analysis of the present study, we found equal rates of conversion with a history of the previous attacks of cholecystitis/biliary pancreatitis among the 5 patients. A study reported a rate of conversion (1.86%) in a similar study done at another centre in Nepal.13 They also found frozen Calot's triangle as the leading underlying conversion to open procedure.

 

Our results are consistent with a study where the prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was less than 5%.1 Similarly, a systematic review endorsed a convincing association between risk factors like as male sex, older age, high Body Mass Index (BMI), the presence of acute cholecystitis to the conversion of LC.3 Thicken gall-bladder wall (4-5 mm), a contracted gallbladder, age >60, male gender, and acute cholecystitis have been reported as risk factors for the conversion.4. This may be due to less number of patients with thickened GB walls and contracted GB who underwent LC. However, studies have shown that more surgical experience and high surgery volume might not be associated with a lower prevalence of conversion to OC.14

 

In order to prevent conversion to open procedures, different measures have been implemented. A recent systematic review advises focusing on proper dissection techniques along with the basic principles of biliary surgery, to achieve a Critical View of Safety (CVS).10 Similarly, a meta-analysis showed intraoperative use of near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography with indocyanine green reduced the Bile Duct Injury (BDI) sizably.15 In case of a biliary injury, a study suggested that the repairs should be done either within 72 hours or delayed (6 weeks) after LC.16 And, repairs done in the intermediate period led to biliary stricture. Our previous study and multiple studies have shown that a single setting Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with LC. Or early LC is feasible for symptomatic GSD with concomitant CBD stones.2,17 And, early LC following ERCP was associated with shorter operation time, fewer fibrotic changes in the gallbladder, and lower risk for the development of complications.

 

Our study had its limitations. It was a single- centre study without long-term follow-up. And it is difficult to generalize the result nationally.

Also, an observational study without a control group has its own innate limitations such as causality and association could not be established.

CONCLUSION

This study showed that the prevalence of open cholecystectomy among patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was lower when compared to similar studies conducted in similar settings and was common in males. With recent advances in the laparoscopic technique, conversion rate and complications like damage to major structures could be brought down to a minimum.

REFERENCES
  1. Genc V, Sulaimanov M, Cipe G, Basceken SI, Erverdi N, Gurel M, et al. What necessitates the conversion to open cholecystectomy? A retrospective analysis of 5164 consecutive laparoscopic operations. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2011;66(3):417-20.
  2. Aziret M, Karaman K, Ercan M, Vargol E, Toka B, Arslan Y, et al. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is associated with less risk of complications after the removal of common bile duct stones by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2019 Apr;30(4):336-44.
  3. Hu ASY, Menon R, Gunnarsson R, de Costa A. Risk factors for conversion of laparoscopic cholecystectomy to open p>surgery - A systematic literature review of 30 studies. Am J Surg. 2017 Nov;214(5):920-30.
  4. Philip Rothman J, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, Viereck S, Rosenberg J. Preoperative Risk Factors for Conversion of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Surgery - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Dig Surg. 2016;33(5):414-23.
  5. Coffin SJ, Wrenn SM, Callas PW, Abu-Jaish W. Three decades later: investigating the rate of and risks for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc. 2018 Feb;32(2):923-9.
  6. European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL). Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of gallstones. J Hepatol. 2016 Jul;65(1):146-81.
  7. Deka P, Islam M, Jindal D, Kumar N, Arora A, Negi SS. Analysis of biliary anatomy according to different classification systems. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jan;33(1):23-30.
  8. Panther MR, Pathak YR, Acharya AP, Mishra C, Jaisawal RK. Prevalence of gall stone disease in Nepal: Multi center ultrasonographid study. 2007;7:45-50.
  9. Shea JA, Berlin JA, Escarce JJ, Clarke JR, Kinosian BP, Cabana MD, et al. Revised estimates of diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity in suspected biliary tract disease. Arch Intern Med. 1994 Nov 28;154(22):2573-81.
  10. van de Graaf FW, Zaimi I, Stassen LPS, Lange JF. Safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review of bile duct injury prevention. Int J Surg. 2018 Dec;60:164-72.
  11. Griniatsos J. Factors predisposing to conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Ann Laparosc Endosc Surg. 2018 Feb 10;3(2):12.
  12. Tamrakar KK, Bhattarai A, Dahal P, Bhattarai S. Conversion Rate of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy to Open Cholecystectomy: A Retrospective Study. Postgraduate Medical Journal of NAMS. 2017;17(2):43-6.
  13. Malla BR, Shakya YR, Rajbhandari N, Karki B. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Conversion Rate and Associated Factors for Conversion. Kathmandu Univ Med J (KUMJ) 2019 Jul-Sept.17(67):241-4.
  14. Abraham S, Nemeth T, Benko R, Matuz M, Vaczi D, Toth I, et al. Evaluation of the conversion rate as it relates to preoperative risk factors and surgeon experience: a retrospective study of 4013 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. BMC Surg. 2021 Mar 20;21(1):151.
  15. Dip F, Lo Menzo E, White KP, Rosenthal RJ. Does near-infrared fluorescent cholangiography with indocyanine green reduce bile duct injuries and conversions to open surgery during laparoscopic or robotic cholecystectomy? - A meta-analysis. Surgery. 2021 Apr;169(4):859-67.
  16. Sahajpal AK, Chow SC, Dixon E, Greig PD, Gallinger S, Wei AC. Bile duct injuries associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy: timing of repair and long-term outcomes. Arch Surg. 2010 Aug;145(8):757-63.
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