European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Scabies is a skin infection caused by the Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis mite and is transmitted via skin-to-skin contact. It is one of the communal human skin diseases. Scabies is transmitted mainly through the direct way by continued contact with infected skin and indirectly through usage of contaminated personal objects. Every year more than a predictable 300 million cases of scabies occur, worldwide[1]. The prevalence rates of scabies vary from 0.3 to 46% from country to country [2]. Scabies is manifested by intense itching (pruritus), especially at night, and a pimple-like (papular) itchy rash. This affects much of the body or is limited to the wrist, elbow, armpit, and webbing between the fingers, nipple, penis, waist, belt-line, and buttocks. An occupational disease is usually identified when it is shown that it is more prevalent in a given body of workers than in the general population, or in other worker populations. Health hazard review by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, 1989) attributed most fatal occupational diseases, illnesses and injuries among industrial workers to exposure to dangerous substances like chemicals and various types of dusts particle due to poor handling and ignorant¹

The heavy metals are dominant in this the region which is Iron Ore and causative factors of many diseases among them respiratory and skin diseases are more found in iron mining region. ²

It was found that underground mining is more dangerous in compare of surface mining, and people are more affected with occupational diseases in underground mining. ³ In some study it revealed some skin diseases are associated with gender and socioeconomic status. ⁴

Globally, manufacturing industry are contributary factor to different kinds of occupational health diseases, which cause different kinds of health issue in human population. ^{3, 5-7} Majority of workers in manufacturing industry suffered of’ dermatitis due to abrasive components exposure. ^3,8 While prevalence is more in China. ^3,9, So, any type of mining cause the health issue it doesn't matter it is iron ore or coal mining. ^3,10.

Scabies and occupational skin diseases are generally caused by chemicals and having wet hands for long periods while at work. The rash may include tiny blisters (vesicles) and scales. Scratching the rash can cause skin sores; sometimes infected by bacteria. Tiny burrows sometimes are seen on the skin; the female scabies mite tunnelling causes these just beneath the surface of the skin. These burrows appear as tiny raised and crooked (serpiginous) greyish-white or skin-coloured lines on the skin surface. They are found most often in the webbing between the fingers, in the skin folds on the wrist, elbow, or knee, and on the penis, breast, or shoulder blades Skin diseases or disorders include contact dermatitis, urticaria, sunburn, skin cancer, eczema or rash caused by primary irritants and sensitizers. Occupational skin diseases is more common among the following occupations: hairdressing, catering, health care, printing, metal machining, motor vehicle repair and construction,^3,11,12. Coarse particles combined to form dust particle which spread in the air and aerosol and in contacted of skin it irritates the skin and cause skin diseases. ^3,13,14 When dust particles mixed with River water. ^3,15. It polluted the river and when these water is used by peoples then they suffered of different kind of skin disease. ¹⁵

The poor’s don’t have a many choice in housing, they usually lives very near to the mining area. ¹⁷ Main route of exposure for families, and pregnant women are the house dust. ^3,18,19

Earlier in some study it was revealed that more exposure to iron dust dust for prolonged periods of time contributed to  different kinds of health issue and disease.^2,20

The prevalence of scabies is 0.3% to 46% in among general population, but its prevalence is more in manufacturing industry. The cutaneous signs of skin are dryness, redness, seborrhea and itching. ^2,22 Surface mining method is the one of the important method of extraction, it is used by majority of   extraction. ²³ , sleep disturbance, and psychological repercussions. In 2017, WHO added scabies to the list of neglected tropical diseases. This report also stated that certain steps like mapping the disease prevalence needs to be carried out before large-scale activities associated with scabies prevention and control can be begun. Hence the study was conducted to find out the prevalence of scabies and the risk factors associated with the occurrence of scabies among the Factory workers.

 “An occupational disease is a disease or disorder that is caused by the work or working conditions. This means that the disease must have developed due to exposures in the workplace and that the correlation between the exposures and the disease is well known in medical research³⁵.

AIMS&OBJECTIVES
To study occupational diseases and prevalence of Scabies in manufacturing industry among industrial workers.

We Conducted Cross sectional study to investigate occupational health diseases and prevalence of occupational Scabies among industrial workers  by using self-report questionnaire to estimate the different type of  occupational disease.  Written consent has been taken from all the participants before starting study .Total 130 peoples participated through random sampling method through various camp.

Cross sectional study method was used in this study. We included the various variables   to explore the relationship between occupational Scabies and industrial workers. Here we used the lottery method to exclude biased. Participants who are more than 18 years old are included in this study.

We conducted community‑based, Cross Sectional study. For this we organized many small camp in industrial area and only industrial workers are included in this study from beginning May 1, 2024- to October 2024. Before stared the study we already taken the approval from the institutional review board

All eligible candidates were examined physically and clinically by our. All the Clinical investigation diagnosis were made by Dermatologist and medicine specialist on the basis of physical and clinically in the camp. Written consent was taken from all participants .Only industrial workers were allowed in the camp. No any outsider were allowed in the camp.

Data is put in excel sheet then mean, median and association is analyzed by SPSS version 20. 

In our study, there were 53.84% male and 46.15% were Female. All the Participants are divided into 2 groups by age. Total 58.7% participants were belonged to 18 to 45 years old. And rest 41.3% participants were more than 45 years in our study.

Among 130 participants, number of males were 53.84% and Number of females were 46.15 %. Total 64.2 % male are suffered of skin diseases among 70 male and 35.71 % male are not infected. And male’s number were 70% among total 130 infected participants. Table 1

(Odds Ratio=3.32, 95% of CI = 1.6 -6.6, Chi Square=3.2, P value=0.001)

Prevalence of Scabies is more in male and majority group of population was suffered of skin diseases in their 2nd and 3rddecades. In Our study male 64.2% were more suffered of Scabies as compared of Female 35.5%.  Here     (Odds Ratio=3.32, 95% of CI = 1.6 -6.6, Chi Square=3.2, P value=0.001) and P value is <0.05. so it is highly significant. So this study emphasized that male population are more susceptible to scabies among factory workers as compare to Female.

Age is also important variable which is associated with skin disease in   industrial workers. In table II it was seen that 64.61 % participants were l8 to 45 years old. 80.95 % people were suffered of Occupational Scabies who were 18 to 45 years age among 84 participants and 21.73 %people were suffered of Scabies who were more than 40 year age group among 46 participants.

(Odds Ratio=15.30, 95% of CI = 6.29 -37.16, Chi Square=6.02, P value=0.0001)

In our study total 60% were infected with skin diseases among them 87.17% participants were 18 to 45 years age group and 12.82% participants belonged to above 45 years age group. It proved that younger age groups are more susceptible to Scabies s as compare to older age group. (Odds Ratio=15.30, 95% of CI = 6.29 -37.16, Chi Square=6.02, P value=0.0001). Here P value is <0.0001. So is highly significant in this study, it was seen that Scabies is highly associated with age factors among industrial workers.

Abrasive items is important variable which is highly associated with Scabies in iron industry, “Total 60% peoples are suffered of scabies among 130 participants and 40% are not suffered of Scabies. So Scabies is associated with Abrasive and cements dust particles. Table 3

In our study no of participants who exposed to abrasive and acidic items are 66 among 130. Total 40 exposed to cement dust, and 20 participants exposed to Detergent dust. It indicates that people who exposed to any kinds of sources like Abrasive items, acid, cements and detergents, all are suffered of Scabies. But Workers who more exposed to abrasive items in industry are more suffered of Scabies as compare of other sources

This variable show that sources like Abrasive items, acid, cements and detergents is the important causing factors for Scabies and it is highly associated with Scabies.

In our study total 114 people suffered of skin disease among 130 participants. Among them majority of participants were suffered of Scabies 43.07% , then 19%people were suffered of  Musculoskeletal , 16.9% were suffered of  Occupational Asthma and 17.69% were suffered of Peptic Ulcer. And only 3.07% were found Heat Stroke among industrial workers.

The present study showed that the prevalence of scabies was 43.07%. In this study major aimed to Study of   Occupational diseases   and Prevalence of Scabies and its causing factors. Some research journal showed that high iron rich water causative factors for bacterial infection and scabies in human beings, so people who engaged in iron industry more susceptible to occupational Scabies as compare to other people. A person who is washing clothes infrequently was reported to have 3 times increased risk of getting scabies than a person who is washing clothes frequently in an Ethiopian study [36].

Table I: In our study Among 130 participants, number of males were 53.84% and Number of females were 46.15 %. Total 64.2 % male are suffered of skin diseases among 70 male and 35.71 % male are not infected. And male’s number were 70% among total 130 infected participants

In our study, Male participants were more suffered of Occupational diseases as compare of Female patient .Because male are more engaged in dusting and cleaning in iron industry for their daily routine activities as compare to Female patient.

Table II: It showed that Age is also important variable which is associated with skin disease in mining area. . In table II it was seen that 64.61 % participants were l8 to 45 years old. 80.95 % people were suffered of Occupational Scabies who were 18 to 45 years age among 84 participants and 21.73 %people were suffered of Scabies who were more than 45 year age group among 46 participants

It proved that younger age groups are more susceptible to Occupational contact Scabies as compare to older age group.

Because younger age group more engaged in daily activities as compare to older age group and they more engaged in iron industry like dusting and construction work.

Age factor is associated with skin diseases and in earlier study it was seen that age is also associated with Scabies.

Abrasive items  is important variable which is highly

associated with Scabies in iron industry , “Total 60% peoples are suffered of scabies among 130 participants and 40%  are not suffered of Scabies . So Scabies is associated with Abrasive and cements dust particles

.

This variable show that sources like Abrasive items, acid, cements and detergents is the important causing factors for Contact dermatitis and it is highly associated with Scabies

We also find that people who engaged in handling abrasive acid and alkali items   are more suffered of Scabies in compare cements items. Less number of people are suffered of   Scabies who engaged in handling detergents items. It was also mentioned in some journals. ^1,28

In our study total 114 people suffered of skin disease among 130 participants. Among them majority of participants were suffered of Scabies 43.07% , then 19%people were suffered of  Musculoskeletal , 16.9% were suffered of  Occupational Asthma and 17.69% were suffered of Peptic Ulcer. And only 3.07% were found Heat Stroke among industrial workers.

Heavy metal pollution is one of major risk factors for contact Scabies and it directly affects health and cause different kinds of occupational diseases, earlier in some study it was mentioned. ^1,29 

In some epidemiological study of dermatology it was seen that prevalence of occupational health diseases in iron industrial area. And most common diseases are Scabies, musculoskeletal disorder ^,30-33.

 In our study we found that all type of occupational contact Scabies happened in those people who were more exposed to iron industrial work.

A person living in kutcha house was at 10 times increased risk of getting scabies infection than a person works in industrial area in this study. This findings were in accordance with the findings of Yasmin and Sindayo et al [37,38]. Scabies can affect the quality of life in the form of work affection, sleep disturbances and psychosocial problems in patients as well as their family members [19]. Health education regarding personal hygiene practices and treatment is strongly recommended among such patients as well as the general public.

Based on the findings of this study, it is evident that majority of  occupational diseases and illnesses exist in manufacturing industries, More work-related diseases and illnesses are even likely to emerge as innovations in technology continues. The potential or possible sources of industrial diseases and illnesses are also numerous such that the industrial workers are not even fully aware of the health hazards surrounding their work. In this study we got to found that peoples suffered of different type of occupational health diseases. Who engaged in iron industrial work Peoples who exposed to more abrasive items are more suffered of occupational dermatitis as compare of another person.  Male are more suffered of Scabies as compare of Female person. Because Males are more exposed to abrasive item as compare to Female due to their physical structure. Young participants are more suffered of occupational contact dermatitis because they more engaged in dangerous construction work as compare of old people so young people are more exposed to abrasive material and cements as compare to old aged people. Majority of people suffered of occupational health diseases as compare to other diseases. And these diseases were dominant only iron industrial area. Encouraging the personal hygienic behavior of school going adolescents is strongly recommended.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST 

There is no any Conflict Of interest.

SUBMISSION DECLARATION

This submission has not been published anywhere previously and that it is not simultaneously being 

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