Near about 22 countries in the UNICEF Europe and Central Asia region are not collected systemically analyzed and reported. Among 2010 to 2022 several anaemia data collected to review different reports. This literature review focus on iron deficiency, collation and reviewed program and documentation across various region. Anaemia from the year 1999-2009 revealed the trends of anaemia. Natonally representative data for anaemia for >1 population group since 2010 were found for the half 22 countries, whereas less than a quarter of countries had recent data for iron deficiency. Evidence are lacking in the anaemic region. Anaemia give a significance change among girls and women 15 -49 years old and preschool children in all countries. Anaemia is also associated with highly iron deficiency. Some countries are also carrying strategies of WHO to prevent and control anaemia Aim Anaemia is a global health problem that affects millions of people. It is a condition in which the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the body's tissues. Anaemia can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, and other symptoms. In severe cases, it can lead to serious health problems, such as heart failure. This paper will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of anaemia.
Anaemia is a public health problem that affects both developing and developed countries. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anaemia affects 1.62 billion people worldwide, which corresponds to 24.8% of the population. The highest prevalence is in preschool-aged children (47.4%) and pregnant women (41.8%). Anaemia is a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the haemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal. Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. When a person has anaemia, their body does not get enough oxygen, which can lead to a variety of symptoms. Adverse effects of anaemia result in reduced physical capacity and productivity in work in adults [1]. The consequences of anaemia are recognized by the fact that anaemia prevalence among women of reproductive age is 1 of the indicators for Sustainable Development Goal 2 ( SDG Indicator .2.3) and that a 50 % reduction in anaemia in women of reproductive age from 2012 levels is 1 of the World Health Assembly 2025 global targets [2]. Anaemia is a multifactorial disease included nutrition specific and non-nutritional factors [3,4,5]. Anaemia among student of 6-59 month of age (preschool children) and between women of reproductive age will be studied [6,7]. Iron deficiency can lead to a higher proportion of anaemia with a high infection burden. In middle-to high-income countries anaemia is ofen a low priority agenda in the ministry of health [8]. To address these information gaps in the UNICEF Europe and Central Asia (ECA) region all o them conducted review and conducted current anaemia prevalence and all policies and programs for reducing anaemia. We summarize all the idea in this articles of this review. The 22 countries in the UNICEF ECA region, categorized by subregions, are: Eastern E urope-Albania,Belarus,
Bosnia,Herzegovina,Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Turkiye, Ukraine, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
2.1. Iron-Deficiency Anaemia
Iron is an essential substance need for the human body for haemoglobin synthesis. Iron deficiency in anaemia has too little iron to mix in the blood stream. This anaemia is very much common in adolescents and in women before menopause. In heavy periods blood loss, internal bleeding in gastrointestinal tract or blood loss by blood donation can contribute to this disease.
Low level of iron lead to anaemia result in various diseases. This causes iron deficiency anaemia are pregnancy o childhood growth spurts. Heavy menstrual periods, poor absorption of iron, bleeding from the gut (intestines), dietary factors (iron poor or restricted diet), medication (aspirin ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac). Lack of certain vitamins (folic acid and vitamin B12). Bleeding from the kidney, Hookworm infection, Red blood cells problems, Bone marrow problems [10].
Symptoms
Lethargy, tiredness, feeling faint, breathless, headache, irregular heartbeat, altered taste, sore mouth ringing in the ears. Anaemia in pregnancy causes birth of lower weight baby. Premature delivery and postnatal depression. Low iron in the baby result in the anaemia in the newborn baby[11].
2.2. Pernicious anaemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anaemia. This vitamin is essential for life. This vitamin is essential for red blood cells preparation. This vitamin is found in meat, fish, egg and milk. Lack of this vitamin lead to anaemia and sometimes other problems. Over the age of 50 pernicious anaemia develop. Women are mostly affected by men than women and have a tendency to run in families. Persons those who have autoimmune disease are affected by absorption by vitamin B12. In epilepsy we can use metformin, neomycin, colchicines and some anticonvulsants [12].
Symptoms
Depression, confusion, are very difficult psychological problem or even dementia. Nervous problems like numbness, pins and needles, vision changes and unsteadiness, can develop. Prolonged or severe vitamin B12 deficiency can cause permanent nerve and brain damage.
2.3. Haemolytic Anaemia
In haemolytic anaemia red blood cells are destroyed and removed completely from the bloodstream. People of all ages, sexes and races can affect haemolytic anaemia. Fatigue, pain,arrhythmias, an enlarged heart and heart failure can lead to various heart problem like heart edegma. Thalassemiae, hereditary sherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, Pyruvate kinase deficiency. Acquired haemolytic anaemia include immune haemolytic anaemia, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Alloimmne haemolytic anaemia, Drug-induced haemolytic anaemia, Mechanical haemolytic anaemia, Paroxysomal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. This type of infection can causes damage to red blood cells and lead to haemolytic anaemia.
Symptoms
Fatigue is the most common symptoms of anaemia. A low red blood cell count can also cause shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, coldness in your hands or feet, pale skin, gums and nail beds as well as chest pain. Severe symptoms of haemolytic anaemia causes jaundice, pain in the upper abdomen, leg ulcers and pain. Blood transfusion occur vigorously after severe reaction. Medicines, plasmapheresis, surgery, blood and marrow stem cell transplants and lifestyle changes [13].
2.4. Sickle cell anaemia
In sickle cell anaemia the red blood cells makes sickle shaped (C shaped) and the disease is called sickle cell anaemia. For this sickle shape it can’t move easily through the blood vessel. It block the blood vessels. It causes pain, serious infection and organ damage. Sickle cell RBC die within 10-20 days after that new RBC evolved.
Symptoms
Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited, lifelong disease and most common in Africa, South or Cenral America, Caribbean islands, Mediterranean countries, India and Saudi Arabia, symptoms include Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Headache, Coldness in the hands and feet, Pale skin, Chest pain.
2.5. Thalassaemia
In thalassaemia red blood cells and haemoglobin become more efficient in blood disorder. The two major types of thalassaemia are alpha and beta thalassaemia. Hydrops fetalis is alpha thalassaemia and Cooley,s anaemia is known as beta thalassaemia.Thalassaemias affect both males and females and occur most often in people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, asian and African descent.
Haemoglobin in red blood cells has two type of protein chains: alpha globin and beta globin. If your body doesn’t make enough of these protein chains, red blood cells don’t form properly and can’t carry enough oxygen. Genes control how the body makes haemoglobin protein chains. When these genes are missing thalassaemiae occur. Carrrier of thalassaemiae is parents then chidren then their genes.
Symptoms
Thalassaemiae causes loss of oxygen in the bloodstream. The severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the disorder. Mild anaemia causes from alpha and beta thalassaemia. People with beta thalassaemia have mild to moderate anaemia. People also have some health problems including slowed growth and delayed puberty, bone problems and an enlarged spleen.
2.6. Aplastic Anaemia
Aplastic anaemia is a blood disorder in the which the body’s bone marrow doesn’t make enough new blood cells. This may result in a number of health problems including arrhythmias, an enlarged heart, heart failure, infections and bleeding. Damage to the bone marrow stem cells causes aplastic anaemia [14].
A number of acquired diseases, conditions and factors can cause aplastic anaemia including Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic and benzene, Radiation and chemotherapy. Medicines such as chloramphenicol, Infectious diseases such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parovirusB1 and HIV, Autoimmune disorders such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Inherited conditions, such as Fanconi anaemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis and Diamond-Blackfan anaemia may also cause aplastic anaemia [15].
The most common symptoms of aplastic anaemia are Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Headache, Coldness in your hands or feet, Pale skin, gums and nail beds, Chest pains. Treatment for aplastic anaemia includes blood transfusions, blood and marrow stem cell transplants, and medication. These treatments can prevent or limit complications, relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Blood and marrow stem cell transplants may cure the disorder.
Diagnosis of Anaemia
Anaemia is diagnosed with a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC). A CBC measures the number of red blood cells, the amount of haemoglobin, and other parameters. If the CBC results indicate anaemia, further tests may be done to determine the underlying cause.
Treatment of Anaemia
The treatment for anaemia depends on the underlying cause.
Prevention of Anaemia
Anaemia can often be prevented by:
2.1. Iron-Deficiency Anaemia
Iron is an essential substance need for the human body for haemoglobin synthesis. Iron deficiency in anaemia has too little iron to mix in the blood stream. This anaemia is very much common in adolescents and in women before menopause. In heavy periods blood loss, internal bleeding in gastrointestinal tract or blood loss by blood donation can contribute to this disease.
Low level of iron lead to anaemia result in various diseases. This causes iron deficiency anaemia are pregnancy o childhood growth spurts. Heavy menstrual periods, poor absorption of iron, bleeding from the gut (intestines), dietary factors (iron poor or restricted diet), medication (aspirin ibuprofen, naproxen and diclofenac). Lack of certain vitamins (folic acid and vitamin B12). Bleeding from the kidney, Hookworm infection, Red blood cells problems, Bone marrow problems [10].
Symptoms
Lethargy, tiredness, feeling faint, breathless, headache, irregular heartbeat, altered taste, sore mouth ringing in the ears. Anaemia in pregnancy causes birth of lower weight baby. Premature delivery and postnatal depression. Low iron in the baby result in the anaemia in the newborn baby[11].
2.2. Pernicious anaemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anaemia. This vitamin is essential for life. This vitamin is essential for red blood cells preparation. This vitamin is found in meat, fish, egg and milk. Lack of this vitamin lead to anaemia and sometimes other problems. Over the age of 50 pernicious anaemia develop. Women are mostly affected by men than women and have a tendency to run in families. Persons those who have autoimmune disease are affected by absorption by vitamin B12. In epilepsy we can use metformin, neomycin, colchicines and some anticonvulsants [12].
Symptoms
Depression, confusion, are very difficult psychological problem or even dementia. Nervous problems like numbness, pins and needles, vision changes and unsteadiness, can develop. Prolonged or severe vitamin B12 deficiency can cause permanent nerve and brain damage.
2.3. Haemolytic Anaemia
In haemolytic anaemia red blood cells are destroyed and removed completely from the bloodstream. People of all ages, sexes and races can affect haemolytic anaemia. Fatigue, pain,arrhythmias, an enlarged heart and heart failure can lead to various heart problem like heart edegma. Thalassemiae, hereditary sherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, Pyruvate kinase deficiency. Acquired haemolytic anaemia include immune haemolytic anaemia, Autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, Alloimmne haemolytic anaemia, Drug-induced haemolytic anaemia, Mechanical haemolytic anaemia, Paroxysomal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. This type of infection can causes damage to red blood cells and lead to haemolytic anaemia.
Symptoms
Fatigue is the most common symptoms of anaemia. A low red blood cell count can also cause shortness of breath, dizziness, headache, coldness in your hands or feet, pale skin, gums and nail beds as well as chest pain. Severe symptoms of haemolytic anaemia causes jaundice, pain in the upper abdomen, leg ulcers and pain. Blood transfusion occur vigorously after severe reaction. Medicines, plasmapheresis, surgery, blood and marrow stem cell transplants and lifestyle changes [13].
2.4. Sickle cell anaemia
In sickle cell anaemia the red blood cells makes sickle shaped (C shaped) and the disease is called sickle cell anaemia. For this sickle shape it can’t move easily through the blood vessel. It block the blood vessels. It causes pain, serious infection and organ damage. Sickle cell RBC die within 10-20 days after that new RBC evolved.
Symptoms
Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited, lifelong disease and most common in Africa, South or Cenral America, Caribbean islands, Mediterranean countries, India and Saudi Arabia, symptoms include Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Headache, Coldness in the hands and feet, Pale skin, Chest pain.
2.5. Thalassaemia
In thalassaemia red blood cells and haemoglobin become more efficient in blood disorder. The two major types of thalassaemia are alpha and beta thalassaemia. Hydrops fetalis is alpha thalassaemia and Cooley,s anaemia is known as beta thalassaemia.Thalassaemias affect both males and females and occur most often in people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, asian and African descent.
Haemoglobin in red blood cells has two type of protein chains: alpha globin and beta globin. If your body doesn’t make enough of these protein chains, red blood cells don’t form properly and can’t carry enough oxygen. Genes control how the body makes haemoglobin protein chains. When these genes are missing thalassaemiae occur. Carrrier of thalassaemiae is parents then chidren then their genes.
Symptoms
Thalassaemiae causes loss of oxygen in the bloodstream. The severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the disorder. Mild anaemia causes from alpha and beta thalassaemia. People with beta thalassaemia have mild to moderate anaemia. People also have some health problems including slowed growth and delayed puberty, bone problems and an enlarged spleen.
2.6. Aplastic Anaemia
Aplastic anaemia is a blood disorder in the which the body’s bone marrow doesn’t make enough new blood cells. This may result in a number of health problems including arrhythmias, an enlarged heart, heart failure, infections and bleeding. Damage to the bone marrow stem cells causes aplastic anaemia [14].
A number of acquired diseases, conditions and factors can cause aplastic anaemia including Toxins, such as pesticides, arsenic and benzene, Radiation and chemotherapy. Medicines such as chloramphenicol, Infectious diseases such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, parovirusB1 and HIV, Autoimmune disorders such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis. Inherited conditions, such as Fanconi anaemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis and Diamond-Blackfan anaemia may also cause aplastic anaemia [15].
The most common symptoms of aplastic anaemia are Fatigue, Shortness of breath, Dizziness, Headache, Coldness in your hands or feet, Pale skin, gums and nail beds, Chest pains. Treatment for aplastic anaemia includes blood transfusions, blood and marrow stem cell transplants, and medication. These treatments can prevent or limit complications, relieve symptoms and improve quality of life. Blood and marrow stem cell transplants may cure the disorder.
Diagnosis of Anaemia
Anaemia is diagnosed with a blood test called a complete blood count (CBC). A CBC measures the number of red blood cells, the amount of haemoglobin, and other parameters. If the CBC results indicate anaemia, further tests may be done to determine the underlying cause.
Treatment of Anaemia
The treatment for anaemia depends on the underlying cause.
Prevention of Anaemia
Anaemia can often be prevented by:
Anaemia is a common and treatable condition. If you experience any symptoms of anaemia, it is important to see your doctor for diagnosis and treatment. With proper care, most people with anaemia can live healthy, active lives.
Predictors of anemia in women of reproductive age: Biomarkers Reflecting Inflammation and Nutritional Determinants of Anemia (BRINDA) project
Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 106 (suppl_1) (2017 Jul 1), pp. 416S-427S
View PDFView articleGoogle Scholar
Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data
Lancet Global Health, 1 (1) (2013 Jul), pp. e16-25 Google Scholar
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