European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Self-medication refers to the practice of individuals using medications without medical prescription or consultation with a healthcare professional. While self-medication is common for minor illnesses, its practice for cardiovascular conditions poses significant risks due to the complexity of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and the potential for adverse drug interactions^1-3. Cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, coronary artery disease, and arrhythmias, require careful management to prevent complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death⁴.

In many countries, over-the-counter (OTC) availability of certain cardiovascular medications, such as aspirin and antihypertensive drugs, facilitates self-medication. Patients often rely on prior prescriptions, recommendations from non-medical individuals, or online resources to decide their medication regimen. Several factors contribute to self-medication, including financial constraints, lack of healthcare access, perceived mildness of symptoms, and prior experiences with similar conditions^5-8. However, self-medication for cardiovascular conditions is concerning due to the potential for incorrect dosing, drug interactions, and masking of serious health conditions, leading to delayed medical intervention⁹.

Research indicates that self-medication practices vary globally depending on socioeconomic factors and healthcare accessibility. Studies have highlighted the risks associated with self-medication, such as uncontrolled blood pressure, arrhythmias, and drug-induced complications. For instance, improper use of beta-blockers or anticoagulants can lead to severe side effects, including hypotension, excessive bleeding, or worsening heart failure. Moreover, the use of herbal remedies alongside prescribed cardiovascular drugs further complicates treatment outcomes^10,11.

Despite these risks, limited studies have explored the awareness and self-medication practices specifically for cardiovascular conditions⁸. Understanding the extent of self-medication, the demographic profile of those who engage in it, and their knowledge of associated risks is crucial for developing effective public health interventions. This study aims to bridge this gap by assessing the knowledge and practice of self-medication for cardiovascular conditions among individuals and identifying the factors contributing to this behavior.

A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 200 participants selected through systematic random sampling from outpatient departments in healthcare centers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire designed to assess self-medication knowledge, practice patterns, and risk perception. The questionnaire included both closed-ended and Likert-scale questions, validated through a pilot study. Study was done during  Jan 2023 to June 2023.

Ethical approval was obtained, and informed consent was secured from all participants. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were applied to determine associations between variables

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of Participants

Table 1 shows that 40% of participants were above 50 years of age, with a higher percentage of males (55%). Half of the respondents had a graduate-level education, indicating a relatively educated sample population.

Table 2: Self-Medication Practices and Knowledge

Table 2 illustrates that 65% of participants engaged in self-medication for cardiovascular conditions, with aspirin being the most commonly used drug. Notably, 58% of individuals reported incorrect dosage practices, highlighting a critical gap in knowledge.

The study revealed that self-medication for cardiovascular conditions is prevalent, with 65% of participants engaging in this practice. This finding aligns with global trends where accessibility to OTC cardiovascular drugs encourages self-administration. The high prevalence of aspirin use suggests that many individuals self-medicate for suspected cardiovascular events without proper medical guidance, posing a risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and other complications^12,13.

Knowledge gaps were evident, as 58% of participants were unaware of proper dosage and drug interactions. Educational status significantly influenced self-medication behaviors, with lower levels of awareness among those with limited formal education. Previous studies suggest that targeted educational campaigns can reduce inappropriate self-medication practices¹⁴.

The findings underscore the need for stricter regulation of OTC cardiovascular drugs and improved patient education regarding self-medication risks. Healthcare professionals must play a proactive role in educating patients about the dangers of self-medication and emphasizing the importance of professional consultation¹⁵.

Self-medication for cardiovascular conditions is widespread and often practiced without adequate knowledge of associated risks. The study highlights the urgent need for public health interventions to enhance awareness and regulate access to cardiovascular medications. Future research should explore targeted strategies to curb self-medication practices and promote safe medication use.

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