European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Anaemia is the result of a wide variety of causes that can be isolated, but more often coexist. Globally, the most significant contributor to the onset of anaemia is iron deficiency so that IDA and anaemia are often used synonymously, and the prevalence of anaemia has often been used as a proxy for IDA. It is generally assumed that 50% of the cases of anaemia are due to iron deficiency 15, but the proportion may vary among population groups and in different areas according to the local conditions. The clinical examination included resting pulse, blood pressure, nail changes, jugular venous pressure, pedal oedema.