European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

The brain and its coverings, known as meninges, are enclosed in a protective braincase called the cranial cavity, which is made up of the cranial bones [1]). The anthropometric study of crania is significant since age, gender, environment, and genetics all have an impact on cranial capacity [2]. Sperm whales' larger brains help them maintain their gigantic bodies and help them adapt to the colder atmosphere, but this does not imply that they are more intelligent [3]. On the other hand, in humans, cranial capacity aids in determining an individual's sex and predicting their mental capability [4]. The endocranial capacity is indirectly related to brain volume since both male and female cephalic measures aid in determining brain volume [5].

Individual differences in physical characteristics can be measured, and based on the information gathered, several indices can be developed. The cranial index and other indices can help distinguish between racial and gender differences. Oral surgery for craniofacial anomalies and plastic surgery are two other clinical disciplines where craniometry is applied [6]. Cranium remnants in forensic procedures can be recognised by comparison with previously obtained radiographic and photographic records. Cranium methods come in quite handy in this situation. Additionally, they support the endeavours to reconstruct an individual's morphology from their skeletal remains during their existence. More than any other part of the skeleton, the human skull possesses unique individual features that allow a skull to be recognised using the video superimposition technique by comparing it to images of missing persons. In order to quantify the uniqueness of the human skull, it is characterised in terms of craniometrics and based on its likely data. Cranial measurements and indices offer the simplest and most accurate way to compare the similarities and differences between the skulls of different species and races [7].

The Present study was conducted at Department of Anatomy, GMC Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India from January 2021 December 2021. A total of 80 adult skulls belonging to both sexes were analyzed during the study period.

The skull is placed so that the platform that will be used for the measurement is parallel to either the reid's base line, which crosses the infraorbital border and the middle of the external acoustic meatus, or the Frankfurt plane, which runs through the upper border of the external acoustic meatus and the infraorbital border. Once the skull was lifted off the stand and placed on the sand bag, the remaining measurements were collected. Recorded were the exact measurements that could be made with the skull in place on the stand.  Measurements were taken using sliding callipers and a vernier, rounded to the nearest mm.

To determine the lowest and maximum values, as well as the standard deviation and standard error for each measurement and indicator, statistical analysis was performed on all of the measurements and indices. The mean values for the aforementioned results were also computed.

To determine the relevance of the correlation between the compared indices, correlation between the indices was determined.

Inclusion criteria: whole adult craniums in both genders.

Exclusion criteria: atrophied, crumbled, or malformed skull. Any damage, pathology, or congenital abnormality to the skull is not accepted.

Table 1. Distal femur dimensions

In this study, eighty adult dried crania from a random sample without a mandible are included. Thirteen different craniometer measures are used in the study, and the findings will be used to calculate six different indices. A tabular association is discovered between the other indicators and the Cranil Index. 7.5% of the participants in the study had a hyperdolicocephalic profile; there were also 27.5% dolicocephalic, 37.5% mesocephalic, 15% brachycephalic, and 12.5% hyperbrachycephalic participants. Classified as dolicocephalic, the condition has a mean cranial index of 75.878 and a standard deviation of 4.98. In accordance with the length-height index, 5% were chamaecranic, 17% were orthocranic, and 78% were hypsicranic. The mean, which is 75.899 with a 3.57 standard deviation, can be categorised as hypsicranic. Based on the breadth-height index, 10% were tapeinocranic, 25% were metriocranic, and 65% were acrocranic. The data are acrocratic, having an SD of 4.54 and a mean of 99.357. The orbital index showed that 90% were hypsichonc, 10% were mesochonc, and 0% were chamaeconch. With a standard deviation of 12.73 and a mean of 108.96, the data is hypsichonc. The nasal index showed that 58% of rhinorhine were chamaerrhine, 9% were hyperchamaerrhine, 19% were leptorrhine, and 14% were mesorrhine. The mean, 52.1, with a standard deviation of 5.28, can be categorised as chamaerrhine. S.A. conducted the research. As reported by Adebisi (2003) [9] and Oladipo et al. (2009) [10], respectively, the mesocranic skull of the Hausas/Fulanis in Northern Nigeria and the brachycephalic head shape of the Ogonis in Southern Nigeria are not comparable to the dolicocephalic heads with a mean cranial index of 72.54 that Adejuwon (2009) [8] showed. S.D. Desai conducted a study in 2010 in Davangere, Karnataka, India, on 125 dry adult human skulls [11]. The results of the study showed that most skulls had a Cranial Index between 75 and 79.9 mm, indicating that they are Mesocephalic. The dolicocephalic type, having a mean value of 72.54, was identified in a 2011 study by Seema [12] on sixty-two adult human skulls. A mean cranial index of 72.05, indicating dolicocephaly, was found in 136 adult skulls studied by Dr. Vishal Manoharrao [13] in 2012. The majority of the 40 adult skulls in P. Sri Devi's 2013 study [14–16] exhibited Dolico cranial type; the mean orbital index was 72.1, the mean cephalic index was 71.6, and the mean auricular height was 66.52 mm, indicating Hypsicephalic type. The current study's mean cranial index was 75.878 with a standard deviation of 4.98, the length-height index was 75.899 with the standard deviation of 3.5726, and the breadth-height index was 99.357 with a standard deviation of 4.5460. The indices of length, height, and breadth height have a substantial correlation with the cranial index. The correlation values for the length height index and the breadth height index are 0.671 and -0.646, respectively. P-values for each were below 0.001. The cranial index and the other indices, like the orbital, palatine, and nasal indexes, do not significantly correlate.

The current investigation discovered a strong link between the skulls' cranial indices. The mean cranial index is within the range of mesocephaly, which is consistent with previous research on the same community in south India. Thus, calculating the numerous skull cranial indices is an indisputable standard for determining how ethnic patterns have changed throughout time. This explains why there can be significant differences in cranial capacity within a population group.

FUNDING SUPPORT

Nil

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

None

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