European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Osteoarthritis is a persistent condition that specifically affects many parts of the knee joint, such as the articular cartilage, meniscus, ligament, and peri-articular muscle. Multiple underlying variables [1,2] can be attributed to it. Accurately determining the correct measurements of implant components is essential for having a positive outcome in total knee arthroplasty. Primary osteoarthritis (OA) leads to increased transmission of forces to the medial compartment as lateral femoral bending advances, leading to cartilage degradation mostly in the middle and posterior areas of the medial condyle. Stress shielding is a crucial component associated with the loosening of the implant. If the bone's mechanical strength is inferior than that of the implant, the stress applied to the bone diminishes, resulting in a reduction in bone density and strength [3,4]. This problem occurs as a result of insufficient stimulation for ongoing remodelling, which is crucial for preserving bone mass. Precise data regarding the mechanical resilience of bone is crucial in the development of novel implants aimed for reducing stress shielding.

Due to the somewhat smaller size and physical characteristics of the Asian population, there is a potential risk of implant component incompatibility when using imported implants specifically designed for the Western population. Anthropometric investigations carried out on several population groupings have revealed notable racial disparities. Therefore, it is necessary to personalise the installation of implants for total knee arthroplasty to accommodate the specific gender and race of the patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anatomical measurements of the lower end of the thigh bone in the population of South India [5-8]. 

simplest and most accurate way to compare the similarities and differences between the skulls of different species and races [7].

A total of 130 femur bones were used in the study carried out at Department of Anatomy, GMC Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India from December 2020 to November 2021; 70 were from the right side and 60 from the left.

Inclusion criteria:

Bones that have fully developed ossified epiphyses and are preserved.

Exclusion criteria:

Broken, deformed, or incompletely fused growth plates can all result in reduced bone integrity. We took measurements with a sliding calliper. For every data point, the same observer made two measurements in order to reduce intraobserver bias. Descriptive statistics were used in the computation and analysis of the findings. The medial (APMC) and lateral (APLC) condyles are measured together to determine the antero-posterior length

With a p value < 0.001, we discover a substantial link between the cranial index and the length, height, and breadth height indices. The mean cranial index of the skulls was 75.878, placing them under the mesocephalic type.

Table 1: Cranial measures' minimum, maximum, standard deviation, standard error, and mean

Table 2: The various cranial indices' mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, and standard error. Number of skulls

Table 3: Skull classification according to the Cranial Index

As can be seen from the preceding classification, dolicocephaly (27.5%) and mesocephalic (37.5%) account for the majority of skulls.

Table 4: Correlations between Cranial index vs other index Length height index

The association between the cranial index and the other indices is displayed in the above table. Both the length height index (0.001) and the breadth height index (0.001) exhibit a positive connection with the cranium index because their p values are smaller than 0.05. In contrast, the orbital, nasal, and palatal indices in the study mentioned above had values over 0.05 and, therefore, can be summed up as not correlated with the cranial index.

The findings of the current investigation exhibit elevated values in comparison to the data documented by Selvapriya et al. Prior research has demonstrated variations across white, East Asian, and black people in terms of the dimensions (anteroposterior and mediolateral width) and proportions (tibial and femoral aspect ratios) of the femur and tibia. An analysis of CT scans was conducted to examine anthropometric dimensions of the distal femur in the Malay community. The results indicated that males had considerably greater measured values for the mediolateral (ML) and anteroposterior (AP) dimensions compared to females. Among various racial groupings, the Chinese population exhibits the highest AP (academic performance) and ML (mathematical literacy) measures, followed by the Malay and Indian populations [9-11]. The bicondylar breadth of this investigation strongly aligns with the findings of Rajan et al. and Biswas et al. Previous research have demonstrated a correlation between bicondylar width and femoral length, which can be used as a method to

estimate stature.

This specific connection holds immense importance in the field of forensic anthropology. [11,12]. found that osteoarthritis (OA) leads to a constriction of the notch, resulting in damage to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), instability in the knee, and the advancement of the disease. Shepstone et al. conducted a study on the morphology of the intercondylar notch in bone samples obtained from individuals both with and without arthritis. They hypothesised that variations in the morphology of the intercondylar notch are associated with an increased likelihood of developing osteoarthritis in the knee. Ravichandran et al. conducted a study on the proportions and shape of the intercondylar notch in cadaveric knees and dry bones. They reached the conclusion that narrow grooves could result in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) damage and, in severe instances, potentially lead to ligament tearing. The limited sample size of the ongoing inquiry presents constraints. Nevertheless, this study offers a comprehensive compilation of distal femur measures that can serve as a valuable reference for designing knee implants specifically tailored for the South Indian population [13,14].

There were no statistically significant variations observed in the measurements of the anteroposterior length of the medial and lateral condyles, bicondylar width, and intercondylar width between the right and left sides.

Funding support:

None

Conflict of interest:

Nil

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