European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

This study is a Prospective cross sectional observational study. The study was conducted from December 1st, 2020, to June 1st, 2022 in which 100 patients who had presented to the Surgery OPD and Emergency Department of Katuri medical college &hospital, Chinakondrupadu, Guntur with history suggestive of urolithiasis were enrolled for the purpose of studying the incidence of urolithiasis at different levels of the urinary tract and to assess different modalities of treatment and compare outcome of those results with that of the world literature. Our Study had found that the incidence of urolithiasis at our center was 3.74%. The age group of people between 21-30 years were the most commonly affected. However, the mean age for developing urolithiasis was 40.4 years. Males appear to be predisposed to the formation of calculi with M: F ratio being 1.77:1. Pain was the most common symptom which was seen in 91 % of the patients followed by nausea/vomiting seen in 58% followed by burning micturition (43.84%), fever (16.44%) and haematuria (15.08 %) of the study group. Right kidneys were affected more commonly than the left. Diabetes mellitus   was   the   most   commonly   associated   comorbidity   followed   by hypertension. Renal pelvis was the most commonly affected site (35%) followed by lower 1/3rd, urinary bladder (17%) upper ureter (14%) and lower ureter (11%) respectively. E. coli was the most commonly isolated organism in the urine cultures followed by Klebsiella. Serum calcium was normal in 96% of the study group while serum uric acid was raised in 25% of the subjects. Plain X ray KUB and ultrasound were the initial imaging modalities used. IVP was preferred over CT in diagnosis as CT was costlier and could not be afforded by the poor. Patients consuming mixed diet seemed to be more predisposed to the formation of urolithiasis. Open Pyelolithotomy was the operative modality for renal pelvic calculi, Open Ureterolithotomy for upper and mid ureters and URS for lower ureter. Open Cystolithotomy was used for bladder calculi. Stone free rates for Open Pyelolithotomy was 91.4%, 96% for Open Ureterolithotomy, 91.3% for URS and 100% for Open Cystolithotomy. The average size of stone extracted in Open Pyelolithotomy was 2.78 cm, 1.34 cm for Open Ureterolithotomy, 3.92 cm for Open Cystolithotomy and 1.1 cm for URS. Mean duration of hospital stay was 7.42 days for Open Pyelolithotomy, 6.16 days for Open Ureterolithotomy, 5.35 days for Open Cystolithotomy and 1.34 days for URS. Thus we can conclude that, the incidence of urolithiasis was 3.74% in our study. The patients underwent open procedure for removal of stones at our cente.r However, as seen in our study, open procedures have good success rates and also have less post- operative complications. It can thus be concluded that it does not hamper patient care. This is in accordance with the other studies over open urological procedures