European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Background:   In people with CKD, cardio-vascular disease(CVD) is the primary risk factor for morbidity and mortality. This elevated CVD risk may begin in the initial stages of CKD, well before renal failure develops. When analysing CVD mortality in dialysis patients to overall population, the substantial burden of CVD mortality becomes clear. Dialysis cases have a 10-to-30-fold increased CVD death rate. Objectives: To study the Electrocardiographic(ECG) and Echocardiographic(2d-ECHO) changes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Material and Methods: Study Design: Descriptive Cross-sectional study. Study area: The study was conducted in the Department of General Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Health Care and Medical Technology, Visakhapatnam. Study Period:  Nov. 2022 – April 2023. Study population: Patients who are admitted to Gayatri Vidya Parishad Institute of Health Care and Medical Technology with CKD. Sample size: study consisted a total of 50 subjects. Sampling method: Simple Random sampling method. All patients had a 12 lead ECG as well as comprehensive Trans- thoracic echocardiography (ECHO) and 2d Doppler evaluation by using GE Medical System's Vivid S5 High Performance Echocardiography machine. The end diastolic volume (EDV), end systolic volume (ESV), and ejection fraction (EF) were calculated using Modified Simpson's approach. An EF of 50% was considered abnormal. Results: In this study, ECG abnormalities were found in 24 patients (48%). LVH was seen in 10 patients (20%). 5 patients had a left axis deviation (10 percent). In 5 patients (10%) conduction abnormalities were observed. 6 patients showed signs of ischemia (12 percent). One patient had an arrhythmia (2 percent). Hypertension was present in all LVH patients. In 3 individuals, left axis deviation (LAD) was associated to LVH (6 percent). Two individuals (4 percent) with serum potassium levels >5.5mEq/L showed signs of hyperkalemia. One patient had atrial fibrillation. Three patients (6 percent) had left bundle branch block, whereas two had right bundle branch block (4 percent). Conclusion: From our study it can be concluded that the most prevalent morphological abnormality was left ventricular hypertrophy. Patients on hemodialysis were vulnerable to conduction abnormalities. The most prevalent cardiovascular abnormality observed was left ventricular dysfunction. Conduction disturbances were more easily spotted with ECG. Myocardial ischemia was more detected with echocardiography. To diagnose LVD, 2d-ECHO was more reliable than any other diagnostic method.