European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Introduction: In India, diabetes is turning into an epidemic as currently, more than 62 million individuals suffer from the disease. To our knowledge, very few studies have evaluated the correlation between lipid profiles and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in newly diagnosed type II diabetes patients with hypertension. The early detection of lipid abnormalities in these patients will help prevent the cardiovascular outcomes

Introduction: Gestational diabetes affects a significant proportion of pregnant women and can have adverse health effects for both the mother and the baby. Monitoring blood glucose levels and lipid profiles is crucial in managing this condition. This comparative study examines how glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile parameters change in women with gestational diabetes compared to normoglycemic pregnant women, with the goal of improving diagnostic and management strategies for this condition. The aim of this study was to determine that HbA1c is an independent marker of dyslipidaemia among GDM cases and emphasize the link between the aforementioned parameters among pregnant women in Bihar. Materials and Methods: In this comparative study, we included fifty patients who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy. All of the antenatal women were in their third trimester. We also included another fifty pregnant women as controls, who did not have gestational diabetes or any other pregnancy complications in their third trimester. Both the cases and controls were randomly selected from the age group of 20 to 45 years. In this study, we measured the serum lipid profile parameters, oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose levels, and glycosylated haemoglobin levels in patients with gestational diabetes, and compared them with those of healthy pregnant women. Results: In this study, 50 pregnant women with GDM had a mean age of 31.2 years, while 50 pregnant women in the healthy control group had a mean age of 29.3 years. In the present study, serum triglycerides were observed at 193.12±10.12 mg/dL in GDM cases and 150.76±8.54 mg/dL in the control group, while serum total cholesterol was observed at 211.43±14.34 mg/dL in GDM cases and 168.83±18.19 mg/dL in the control group. The levels of serum triglycerides and serum cholesterol in GDM cases were statistically significantly higher as compared to the controls. The serum HDL cholesterol was observed at 57.98±5.78 mg/dL in GDM cases and 55.12±6.67 mg/dL in the control group, while serum LDL cholesterol was observed at 92.13±13.45 mg/dL in GDM cases and 82.03±10.16 mg/dL in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in their HDL and LDL Cholesterol in the cases and control group. The fasting blood glucose was recorded at 116±9.65 mg/dL in GDM cases and 89±5.89 mg/dL in the control group, the blood glucose level after 1 hour of 75grams oral glucose administration in oral glucose tolerance test was observed at 198.13±12.74 mg/dL in GDM cases and 158.33±9.34 mg/dL in the control group while blood glucose level after 2 hours was observed at 174.38±11.48 mg/dL in GDM cases and 140.11±7.87 mg/dL in the control group. The differences between cases and controls were statistically significant. The mean value of the HbA1c of cases and control groups was 8.15±1.12 mg/dL and 6.02±0.18 mg/dL respectively. This difference between healthy pregnant women and women with GDM was statistically significant. Conclusion: The study's findings have conclusively demonstrated that triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, glycated haemoglobin, and glucose levels in the blood all play a significant role in the development of dyslipidemia in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Although it is well known that lipid parameters increase during a healthy pregnancy, the way they increase in GDM is different.

Introduction: Psoriasis is a systemic inflammatory disorder that involves complex pathogenic interactions between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Individuals with psoriasis have an increased risk of developing other chronic health diseases such cardiovascular disorders. The high incidence of cardiovascular events in the population with psoriasis could be explained by several mechanism. The high prevalence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic abnormalities contributes to the high cardiovascular burden in patients with psoriasis. The most prevalent and chronically inflammatory dermatologic condition is psoriasis. Although it is connected to several illnesses, cardiovascular disease is the most prevalent. There is a critical need to analyze lipid abnormalities in psoriatic patients to determine the level of risk that individuals may experience for developing atherosclerosis, vascular obstructive disorders, associated morbidity and mortality. Aim: To estimate lipoproteins levels & related risk of cardiovascular diseases in psoriasis patients. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional analytical study was carried out at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College & Hospital in Pimpri, Pune. 40 psoriatic patients with a mean age of 50.68 ± 8.86 years made up the study group, and 40 healthy people of either sex with a mean age of 50.15 ± 9.6 years made up the control group. Enzymatic End Point Method was used to estimate the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol on the same day. By computing the mean, standard deviation, p-value, and Chi-square test, the data was analyzed. Results: Findings of this study showed that, compared to the control, total cholesterol and VLDL was considerably higher in people with psoriasis(p<0.05).Difference between psoriasis cases(6.8 ± 1.49) and control (3.08 ± 1.3) in findings of serum TGs were highly significant(p<0.001).However, difference betweenserum LDLlevelin psoriasis cases and control was not significant.Serum HDL levels in both psoriasis cases and control were unchanged .  LDL/HDL ration has not shown any significant changes in both psoriasis case and control, while in TC/HDL ratio, statistically significant difference(p<0.05) was observed. Conclusion: Patients with psoriasis have high risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. We propose that serum lipid profile screening in psoriatic patients will aid in identifying risk at an early stage. In these patients, impromptu treatment will lower the risk of cardiovascular illnesses.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a condition characterized by insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and impaired glucose intolerance, often associated with obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, or microalbuminuria. The global health pattern is shifting towards chronic diseases like cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus, with a higher burden of non-communicable diseases. In India, the Epidemiological Transition Level (ETL) is <1, indicating a predominance of degenerative, non-communicable diseases and injuries. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MET) and associated risk factors among the adult population in the urban field practice area of CIMS Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh. The study involved 540 systematic random samples and analyzed the dietary habits and substance abuse of 540 participants, ranging from 20 to 80 years old. The majority were from class-III socioeconomic status, with low education, bad diet, and obesity being key contributing variables. Recommendations include engaging in regular physical activity to reduce weight, abdominal obesity, and BMI, improving diet by reducing sugar, salt, and fat consumption, regular health check-ups, taking medication regularly, and quitting alcohol, smoking, and other addictions. Large-scale studies are necessary to discover all population risk variables

Background: Non-invasive method of assessment of endothelial function by brachial artery flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) provided a valuable, safe, repeatable tool for cardiovascular research and clinical application which can be performed easily by experienced and qualified medical staff. A current hypothesis for the initial lesion in atherosclerosis involves changes in the endothelial cell function. Assessment of endothelial function, thus, can provide valuable insight into the pre-intrusive phase of atherosclerosis and can be used as an early marker of future atherosclerotic disease. Objectives: To compare endothelial dysfunction measured by brachial artery flow‑mediated dilation (BAFMD) between diabetics with their age-matched non-diabetic controls and to determine whether there is an increased dysfunction of the endothelium in the presence of diabetes mellitus with dyslipidaemia. Methodology: This is a case-control study conducted among 30 cases with diabetes mellitus aged between 30 and 70 years of age and age and gender-matched 30 controls who are free from diabetes mellitus between October 2022 to October 2023. The patients with diabetes were further divided into 2 subgroups: those with dyslipidaemia (n=36) and those without dyslipidaemia (n=24). Flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) was calculated, and the average results of the two observations were recorded. Data was collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire which included detailed history, clinical examination and investigation findings; entered in Excel and analysed using SPSS software. Results: Severe endothelial dysfunction (FMD < 4.5%) was prevalent in 30% of the diabetics. Endothelial dysfunction could not be demonstrated in controls. Among the subgroups of cases, the prevalence of severe ED was 44.5% in patients with dyslipidaemia, while 8.3% of patients with normal lipid profile had severe ED. Conclusion: There was a significant impairment of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) in diabetics when compared with normal subjects. In the diabetic study group, patients with dyslipidaemia had significant impairment in FMD compared to patients without dyslipidaemia. 

Background: Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD) significantly contribute to global morbidity and mortality. Framingham Risk score (FRS) is a widely accepted parameter to grade the 10-year risk of heart disease. In this prospective observational study conducted at our tertiary care centre, we investigated patients with metabolic syndrome and analysed them to find the correlation of serum calcium and magnesium with FRS. Methods: We evaluated 288 adult patients who presented with features of metabolic syndrome, at Karnataka Institute of Medical Sciences, Hubballi, over two years from November 2019 to December 2021. Serum calcium and magnesium venous blood samples were obtained on the patient's visit to the hospital. The study was conducted after obtaining clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee and written informed consent from the study participants. Results: Out of 288 patients included in the study, 168 (58.3 %) were male and 120 (41.7 %) were female. The mean age among the study population was 55.99 years. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome components in the study population was as follows: 82.6% had diabetes 67.4% were obese, 51% had dyslipidaemia, and 88.9% were hypertensive (51.6% of them on treatment.  A significant history of smoking was present in 28.1%. Furthermore, the 10-year CVD risk as assessed by FRS was as follows: 23.6 % had low risk, 37.2 % had intermediate risk and 39.2% had high risk. The corrected serum calcium and magnesium demonstrated a significant association with diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol, and FRS. Patients with high corrected serum calcium levels and low serum magnesium levels exhibited this pattern. Conclusion:Serum magnesium and corrected serum calcium and can be used as indirect indicators of the severity of diabetes and hypertension. Moreover, they can also be used for assessing the 10-year risk of CVD, due to its association with FRS

In India awareness of hypertension, its risk factors and complications are very poor. Hence, hypertension goes undiagnosed and untreated for a long time. Hence, there is a gross increase in the number of elderly populations in India. Isolated systolic hypertension is the commonest cause of raised blood pressure in the older population. Hence the present study is undertaken to study the clinical profile of isolated systolic hypertension (systolic > 140 and diastolic ≤ 90 mmHg in elderly (above the age of 60 years), to find out any other associated risk factors, any end organ complications, specially on cardia through electrocardiography and echocardiography and on kidney through creatinine clearance. Methodology: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken on patients attending the Outpatient Department as well as in-patients of Department of General Medicine, Narayana Medical college, Nellore from November 2022 to October 2023. The study group comprised of 75 elderly patients (Male=49, Female=26) of the age group of 60 to 89 years. All of these patients had isolated systolic hypertension i.e. (SBP> 140 mmHg and DBP ≤ 90 mmHg), first time detected. Detailed evaluation of these patients was done. The evaluation comprised of detailed clinical history, thorough physical examination with relevant investigations. Results: 53.33% of the patients are in the age group of 66-75 years. Females are presented more in the age group of < 70 years than males with p=0.063. Male population – 65.33%, Female population – 34.67%. As the age increases, the blood pressure also increases significantly with f=16.439, p<0.001. Patients with stage III BP are more likely to develop abnormal retinal changes with p=0.087. 36% of the patients had ECG, LVH as per Sokolow-Lyons Positive criteria. 28%of the patients had ECG, LVH as per Romhilt-Estees score criteria. As the stage of blood pressure increases the incidence of increased LVMI increases. Patients presenting with stage III blood pressure are 2.90 times more likely to develop increased LVMI with p=0.044. Conclusion: ISH is the commonest cause of high blood pressure in the elderly. The incidence increases with age advancement. It is riskier in nonwhite population. Waist/hip ratios, DM, dyslipidaemia are significant associated risk factors. ISH associated with risk factors has definite effect mainly on cardia in terms of LV hypertrophy. and on kidney in terms of reduced creatinine clearance is an even better predictor of morbidity and mortality than is diastolic blood pressure. Several large trials have documented a clear benefit to treating ISH. Even small reductions in BP have a substantial impact on patient outcome.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a rapidly growing global health concern, particularly in developing countries like India. This study aims to evaluate the sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical profiles of newly diagnosed T2DM patients in Burla, Odisha, to inform targeted intervention strategies. Methods: A hospital-based observational study was conducted from September 2022 to February 2023, enrolling 783 newly diagnosed T2DM patients through random sampling. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements and laboratory investigations, including glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profiles, and renal function tests, were performed. Data were analyzed using R software, with significance set at p<0.05. Results: The mean age of participants was 47.70±10.94 years, with 60.3% being male. Most were literate (98.6%), with 68.1% classified as obese (BMI ≥25 kg/m²). Classic diabetic symptoms like weakness (59.3%), nocturia (44.4%), and weight loss (26.7%) were prevalent. Poor glycaemic control (HbA1c >9%) was observed in 41.4% of patients, while only 6.8% achieved good control (HbA1c <7%). Dyslipidaemia (78.2%), hypertension (51.2%), and sedentary lifestyles (84%) were common. Obesity was significantly associated with hypertension (p<0.001), and a positive family history of diabetes was linked to increased risk (p=0.049). Conclusion: The study highlights poor glycaemic control, high prevalence of obesity, and associated risk factors like hypertension and dyslipidaemia among newly diagnosed T2DM patients in Odisha. These findings underscore the urgent need for lifestyle modifications and effective management strategies tailored to the region's socio-cultural context to mitigate the growing diabetes burden.

Introduction The most prevalent form of the disease, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is often asymptomatic in the early stages and it may remain undiagnosed for many years.The insulin resistance in the liver leads to failure of the hyperinsulinaemia to suppress the gluconeogenesis, which increases fasting glucose levels and decreases. glycogen storage by the liver in the postprandial phase. Increased glucose production in the liver occurs early in the course of diabetes, and it is likely in skeletal muscles after the onset of the insulin secretory abnormalities and the insulin resistance. Due to the insulin resistance in the adipose tissue and obesity, the free fatty acid (FFA) flux from the adipocytes is increased, which in turn leads to an increase in lipid [very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides] synthesis in the hepatocytes. This is responsible for the dyslipidaemia which is found in type2 diabetes mellitus [elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study of newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients in the Department of Physiology, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital & Research Centre. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were extracted from the case notes of eligible patients and analyzed using STATA version 14. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median and interquartile range (IQR) while categorical variables were as frequencies and percentages. Student t and chi-square tests were used to test for association at p < 0.05. Results The study included 160 diabetic patients to evaluate the significance of postprandial dyslipidemia. Patients were categorized based on their glycemic status, lipid profiles, and postprandial lipid levels.  Postprandial dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL-C levels, was a significant finding in this study. These abnormalities were more pronounced in patients with poor glycemic control, highlighting the importance of postprandial lipid monitoring and its potential role in managing cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Conclusion Postprandial dyslipidemia is prevalent among diabetic patients and is significantly associated with poor glycemic control. Monitoring postprandial lipid levels could be essential in managing cardiovascular risk in this population

Background: Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO) is a prevalent cause of vision impairment in the elderly population. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between vitamin D deficiency and the incidence of RVO. This study aims to compare serum vitamin D levels in RVO patients with those in age-matched control groups to elucidate this association and highlight the significance of vitamin D as a potential risk factor for RVO. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based case-control study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Bettiah, Bihar, India, with 50 RVO patients and 50 age-matched controls. Participants were recruited consecutively, and written informed consent was obtained. Comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluations, including fundus photography and OCT, confirmed RVO diagnoses. Medical histories and systemic evaluations, including blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid profiles, and serum vitamin D levels, were recorded. Vitamin D was measured using tandem mass spectrometry, and statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad software. Results: In this study, 50 RVO patients and 50 age-matched controls were analyzed. No significant differences in age and gender distribution were found between the groups. Superotemporal BRVO was the most common RVO type (48%), followed by CRVO (34%) and inferotemporal BRVO (18%). Notably, all RVO patients had suboptimal vitamin D levels compared to controls, with a significant association (p < 0.05). The mean vitamin D level in RVO patients was 21.08 ± 5.08 ng/mL, with no significant differences among subtypes. The study also found a higher prevalence of hypertension and dyslipidaemia among RVO cases compared to controls, indicating these as additional risk factors. Statistical analysis confirmed significant differences in the prevalence of both conditions between cases and controls. Furthermore, the findings suggest that vitamin D deficiency may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RVO, underscoring the importance of screening and managing vitamin D levels in at-risk populations. Conclusion: Our study confirmed that low vitamin D levels are prevalent in RVO cases compared to age-matched controls. This suggests vitamin D deficiency is a significant risk factor in RVO development. Routine investigation of vitamin D levels in RVO patients, alongside other risk factors, is recommended. Additionally, patients with vitamin D deficiency should undergo ophthalmological examinations and vitamin D supplementation should be given as prophylaxis in cases of deficiency.

Background: The dietary pattern in any population is an indicator for the general well-being and the extent of their risks to have lifestyle disorders. These include diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, which are the main cause of death worldwide. Medical students; representing part of the young age population of the community, and as future doctors, for different reasons are prone to eating unhealthy foods and to have bad health habits during their college years which might affect their wellbeing and increase the risk of lifestyle disorders. Materials and Methods: The objective of this study is to access the dietary pattern of first year medical students of SMS Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan and how it affects their nutritional status. This is a cross-sectional study which involved 100 medical students of SMS Medical College campus. A 100 objective self-administered questionnaire and 24 recall method was used for data collection. Results : In this study, the entire respondents, 100 %, were aware of what a balanced diet is, majority of them have a good dietary habit, as 38 % eat twice daily, 45 % 3 times daily, while 5% eat more than three times daily. Their diet was mainly fast foods, fries, snacks, and soft drinks. This, thus, affected their nutritional status, with 17 % having poor dietary habit, 31% with moderate dietary habit and 52 % with good dietary habit. 22 % of the respondents being overweight, 64% were of normal weight and 14% are underweight. Conclusion: This study showed that while the respondents were aware of what a balanced diet is, they rarely consumed a balanced meal. Thus, it is imperative to not only educate them, but also, formulate a strategy to ensure the implantation and practice of eating a balanced meal, so as to not only forestall lifestyle disorders, but also to be able to educate their patients in the future, creating a healthy community and nation at large. The usual lifestyle of food tickets and meal in the university should be resuscitated especially within the study population.

Background: The term dyslipidemia is used to denote the presence of any of the following abnormalities, occurring alone or in combination-increased concentration of TC or LDL-Cor serum TG or a decreased concentration of HDL-C. Although it is difficult to compare observations from different studies due to different cut-offs taken to define dyslipidemia, different sampling procedures and different methodologies used for estimations of lipoproteins, dyslipidemia appears to be widely prevalent in India.  Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been known as an independent risk factor that cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) contains apoB100, which is the protein component of lipoprotein having low density, associated with apolipoprotein (a. It has around 80% similarity with plasminogen. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients from Tertiary Care Teaching Centre. Two hundred students were invited to participate in a health survey. Two Hundred (n = 200) patients were involved. The attendance rate was higher in men than in women (131 men, 69 women). The following eligibility criteria were used for inclusion in the study: consent of the participant for participation in the study, an age of ≥18 years, and health status allowing for the examinations to be carried out. Results: We observed gender distribution in our studied population as 65% as male and 35% as female population. In our study, we observed mean age as 37.23 years. There was no significant correlation of PTCA among non-hypertensive and hypertensive patients in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among dyslipidemia with diabetes and non dyslipidemia with non diabetic patients in this study seen. There was no significant correlation of PTCA among hypothyroid and euthyroid patients in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among patients with and without endothelial dysfunction in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among patients with and without significant ECG changes in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among patients with and without. CONCLUSION: Overall observations indicate high prevalence of comorbidities, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, low HDL-C and endothelial dysfunction along with significant prevalence of statin resistance, rising incidence of CAD in young Indian cohort; family history of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and HbA1c ≥6.5% were the predominant risk factors attributable to dyslipidaemia.

Objective: This hospital-based cross-sectional study aimed to estimate the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidaemia in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients and to evaluate its association with the stages of CKD. The study sought to determine the extent of lipid abnormalities and their correlation with disease progression. Methods: The study included 50 adult pre-dialysis CKD patients admitted to a tertiary care centre between May 2022 and January 2024. Patients were enrolled using purposive sampling. CKD staging was classified according to KDIGO guidelines. Lipid profiles were assessed, including total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglycerides. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired t-tests and chi-square tests, with significance at p<0.05. Results: Of the 50 pre-dialysis CKD patients (60% male), 48% had dyslipidaemia. It was more common in males (53%) than females (40%) and in those aged >50 years (64%) than in younger age groups (p = 0.06). Most patients (76%) were in Stage 5 CKD, where abnormal lipid levels were markedly higher. Significant associations were found between advanced CKD stage and elevated total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides (p = 0.03, 0.04, and 0.04, respectively), while low HDL-C was not statistically significant (p = 0.21). These findings suggest a worsening lipid profile with CKD progression. Conclusions: The study highlights the high prevalence of dyslipidaemia in pre-dialysis CKD patients, with lipid abnormalities worsening as CKD progresses. These findings emphasize the importance of early lipid monitoring and intervention to mitigate cardiovascular risk in this population.

Background: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by a cluster of conditions including obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance often leading to cardiovascular complications. Micro albuminuria and hyperuricemia have been identified as potential markers of renal and metabolic dysfunction in these patients. Aims: Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for kidney dysfunction in diabetic patient. On the other hand micro albuminuria is considered as the predictor of early stages of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated the correlation between hyperuricemia and albuminuria in patients with Metabolic Syndrome. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association between serum uric acid & urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio (ACR) among patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Materials and methods: This study is a hospital-based, observational (cross-sectional) study to evaluate serum uric acid level & urinary Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR) in patients of Metabolic Syndrome in both younger & older age group (40 to 80 years). The study also evaluated the relation between normo albuminuria (ACR <30 ug/ mg), micro albuminuria (ACR between 30 ug/mg & 299 ug/mg) & macro albuminuria (ACR ≥ 300ug/mg) with serum uric acid levels. Although we have contemplated a study both in younger & older age group but eventually this was not done as the number of patients with Metabolic Syndrome in younger age group was inadequate and those who are younger than 40 years were excluded. Result: It is revealed that the patient group macroalbuminuria percentage is 19%, microalbuminuria percentage is 32 % and normalbuminuria percentage is 49 %, the patients, hyperuricemia percentage is 44 %, normouricemia percentage is 56 %, the patients with  Anti lipid therapy YES percentage is 48 %, No percentage is 52 %. Conclusion: We conclude that, the patients with Metabolic Syndrome showed a strong correlation between hyperuricemia and FBG, LDL, and triglycerides. Age, sex, weight, height, BMI, hypertension, and HDL were not shown to be significantly correlated with hyperuricemia. In individuals with Metabolic Syndrome, urinary ACR strongly linked with FBG, LDL, and triglycerides. There was no discernible relationship between urine ACR and BMI, HDL, age, sex, weight, height, or hypertension. Serum uric acid level and urine albumin creatinine ratio strongly associated in patients with metabolic syndrome. According to this study, individuals with Metabolic Syndrome who have hyperuricemia are more likely to have albuminuria, and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have serum uric acid as an independent predictor of urine ACR.

Background: Stroke remains one of the foremost causes of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with hypertension serving as the most significant modifiable risk factor. Carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a validated non-invasive marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and has shown potential in predicting future cerebrovascular events. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Kanpur, North India, involving 200 hypertensive patients—100 with acute stroke (cases) and 100 without stroke (controls). CIMT was measured using B-mode ultrasonography. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 26, and a p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: CIMT was significantly higher in ischemic stroke patients (1.03 ± 0.11 mm) compared to haemorrhagic stroke patients (0.98 ± 0.13 mm; p = 0.040). Elevated CIMT (>0.9 mm) was strongly associated with dyslipidaemia—total cholesterol (p = 0.0022), triglycerides (p = 0.018), LDL (p = 0.024)—as well as diabetic markers such as fasting blood glucose (p = 0.015), postprandial glucose (p = 0.004), and HbA1c >10% (p = 0.022). Longer duration of hypertension (>10 years) and higher blood pressure stages were also significantly linked with increased CIMT values. Conclusion: CIMT is a reliable early indicator of atherosclerotic vascular changes in hypertensive patients, especially those with coexisting diabetes and dyslipidaemia.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is frequently associated with dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance, both of which contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. Metformin remains the first-line pharmacotherapy; however, combining it with insulin-sensitising agents like pioglitazone may offer additional metabolic benefits. This study compares the effects of metformin monotherapy versus metformin combined with pioglitazone on lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients. Objectives: To evaluate and compare changes in lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides) and insulin resistance indices between patients treated with metformin alone and those receiving combination therapy with metformin plus pioglitazone. Materials and Methods: A prospective, open-label, parallel-group study was conducted on 80 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM attending the Endocrinology OPD of a tertiary care hospital. Participants were randomised into two groups: Group A received metformin 1000 mg/day, while Group B received metformin 1000 mg/day plus pioglitazone 30 mg/day. Fasting lipid profile and insulin resistance (measured using HOMA-IR) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment. Data were analysed using paired and unpaired t-tests; p-values <0.05 were considered significant. Results: After 12 weeks, Group B showed a significantly greater reduction in mean total cholesterol (from 214.5 ± 18.2 mg/dL to 184.2 ± 15.6 mg/dL) compared to Group A (from 212.7 ± 19.5 mg/dL to 198.1 ± 16.3 mg/dL; p = 0.02). LDL-C decreased more substantially in Group B (from 132.8 ± 12.5 mg/dL to 108.4 ± 10.7 mg/dL) than in Group A (from 131.5 ± 11.9 mg/dL to 120.7 ± 10.3 mg/dL; p = 0.01). HDL-C increased significantly in Group B (from 38.2 ± 4.1 mg/dL to 45.6 ± 5.0 mg/dL) versus a modest rise in Group A (from 37.9 ± 4.3 mg/dL to 40.1 ± 4.7 mg/dL; p = 0.03). Triglycerides declined in both groups but more markedly in Group B (p = 0.04). The mean HOMA-IR decreased from 4.8 ± 0.9 to 3.2 ± 0.7 in Group A and from 4.7 ± 0.8 to 2.5 ± 0.5 in Group B (p = 0.01). Discussion: Combination therapy with metformin and pioglitazone demonstrated superior improvements in lipid parameters and insulin sensitivity compared to metformin monotherapy. These findings support the synergistic role of pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin in optimising metabolic outcomes in T2DM patients, aligning with previous studies highlighting the additive effects of thiazolidinediones on insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Conclusion: Metformin plus pioglitazone therapy is more effective than metformin alone in improving lipid profiles and reducing insulin resistance in newly diagnosed T2DM patients. Incorporating pioglitazone may offer additional cardiometabolic benefits when lifestyle interventions and metformin monotherapy are insufficient.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with increased rates of endometrial cancer, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidaemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus and other diseases Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients attending the gynaecology outpatient department with polycystic ovarian syndrome were included. The study was conducted by the Department of Physiology, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool. Polycystic ovarian syndrome patients were suggested to undergo hormonal analysis of gonadotropins and BMI was calculated in the study Results: The mean patient waist-hip ratio (WHR) was 0.73 ± 0.031, FSH was 6.21 ± 2.74, LH was 8.92 ± 4.68, LH/FSH was 1.56 ± 1.21, and the patient mean age was 23.28 ± 4.13, BMI was 25.12 ± 5.86 noted. The women with polycystic ovarian syndrome, 109(91.0%) had polycystic ovaries, 106(88.3%) had oligomenorrhea,71(59.16%) had hirsutism, and 53(44.16%) had acne were noted. The patients with oligomenorrhea (62), acne(30), hirsutism(43), and polycystic ovaries(68) had LH/FSH ratio >2/1. The patients with oligomenorrhea (21), acne(11), hirsutism(36), and polycystic ovaries(32) had FSH ratio >7. The patients with oligomenorrhea (29), acne(29), hirsutism(31), and polycystic ovaries(41) had FSH ratio >10. Around 58% of patients with polycystic ovaries had Body mass index value of 25.0 in the current study was noted. Conclusion: The polycystic ovaries and oligomenorrhea were present in most of the patients. There was a  substantial correlation between the LH/FSH ratio, LH, and FSH levels and the feature of polycystic ovaries noted in the present study.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases have emerged as a significant health burden and became leading cause of mortality in developing countries like India. The Global Burden of Disease study and age-standardized estimates in India showed nearly a quarter (24.8%) of all deaths in India is attributable to cardio vascular Disease (CVD) out of which coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity. Aims and Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and angiographic profile of women presenting with coronary artery disease (CAD) at a tertiary cardiac care center. The objectives include assessing the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as identifying major risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, smoking, and family history. Material and Methods: This single-centre prospective study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology at King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam. The study population comprised 707 patients who presented to the department between December 2021 and June 2023 with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and subsequently underwent coronary angiography for further evaluation. Result:In this prospective study of 707 women with CAD, the mean age was 55.4 ± 10.9 years, BMI averaged 25.3 ± 4.9 kg/m², and mean haemoglobin was 10.7 ± 1.1 g/dL. Dyslipidaemia was common, with mean TC 189.4 ± 63.7 mg/dL, TG 124.2 ± 74.9 mg/dL, HDL 40.8 ± 8.3 mg/dL, and LDL 114.1 ± 52.6 mg/dL. Most women were postmenopausal (92.5%), 41.7% had diabetes, and 60.3% had hypertension. Clinically, STEMI was the most common presentation (46.1%), followed by unstable angina (29.8%). Angiography showed obstructive CAD was significantly associated with age >55 years (62.6% vs. 37.4%; p<0.001), BMI <30 (88.8%; p<0.001), diabetes (49.8% vs. 29.2%; p<0.001), hypertension (66.3% vs. 50.9%; p<0.001), and menopause (80.9% vs. 61.4%; p<0.001). Higher rates of moderate and mild anaemia, high TC (56.7% vs. 18.1%), high TG (44.2% vs. 10.8%), high LDL (68.8% vs. 29.2%), and at-risk TC/HDL (48.6% vs. 19.5%) and TG/HDL ratios (43.5% vs. 13.0%) were also significantly associated with obstructive CAD. Tobacco use, family history, and metabolic syndrome showed no significant association. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that in women with coronary artery disease, factors such as older age, higher BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and postmenopausal status were significantly linked to obstructive CAD. Anaemia and adverse lipid profiles—including raised total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and higher TC/HDL and TG/HDL ratios—were also more common among those with obstructive disease. In contrast, tobacco use, family history, and metabolic syndrome showed no significant association. These findings highlight the key influence of age, metabolic, and hematological factors on the severity and angiographic pattern of CAD in women.