European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Background: H. pylori is the most common human bacterial pathogen that colonizes the gastric epithelium especially in those habitual Qat chewers; it influence can absorption of glucose which is also abnormal in DM patients, its common infection in diabetic patients who have inadequate metabolic control, this study was conducted to reveal the prevalence of H. pylori among T2DM and non-DM patients and potential risk factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of medicine, a tertiary care hospital in India, and there were 250 patients who included in this study. Data were collected through structural intervals questionnaire and sampling information. Results: The overall prevalence of H. pylori among diabetics was 29.2%. There was no significant association between H. pylori infections and diabetes (P> 0.05), most of the patients were 46-60 year age group, with male predominance (76.7%) H. pylori infections were not significantly associated with the smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia and obesity. H. pylori infection increased in longer duration of diabetes and the increase in HbA1c level. Conclusion: Positive H. pylori DM patients should update their sugar level values and control the disease. Further research is highly recommended on relationship between H. pylori infections and diabetes

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease causing inflammatory destruction of supporting structures of the dentition and eventually leading to its loss. This study was designed to evaluate common risk factors for periodontitis and acute coronary syndrome in the study population and demonstrate the systemic impact of periodontitis on the occurrence of acute coronary syndrome. A total of 160 patients (35 female and 125 male) were enrolled in the study. Considering the age range, the largest group of patients (118 patients) was between 55 and 65 years, which accounted for 73.8% of the total study population. There were 35 patients (21.9%) in the age group of 45 to 54 years, while the youngest age group of 35 to 44 years had as many as seven patients. Medical history and physical examination, including periodontal status, were performed. API, PD, CAL, and CPITN were evaluated. Common risk factors for periodontitis and acute coronary syndrome were assessed. The study assessed risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, general health, smoking, height, weight, and hip circumference. In light of the above-described etiopathogenesis of atherosclerotic disease and its association with periodontal disease, it is important to emphasize preventing and treating periodontitis, especially in patients in the so-called high-risk group for cardiovascular disease. Dentists’ introduction of an appropriate prophylactic and therapeutic plan may constitute both primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases

Introduction: Type-2 diabetes mellitus are reported to have a 2 to 3-fold increase in the incidence of cholesterol gallstones. Gallstone disease in patients with diabetes mellitus is largely due to dyslipidemia, leading to the alteration in the composition of bile. Impairment of gallbladder motility and contraction, as a result of hyperglycemia and diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Hence the study is undertaken to determine prevalence of gall-bladder disorders in diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy and association of different parmaetrs with Cases and without autonomic neuropathy. Material & Methods: This was a hospital based case-control study carried out during the period of October 2010 to October 2012. Institutional ethics committee approved the study.The study comprised of known or newly diagnosed 101 patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus and 101 age and sex matched controls. Observation & Results: Out of 101 cases studied 67(66.33%) had autonomic neuropathy and out of 101 controls 9(8.91%) had autonomic neuropathy. Thus prevalence of autonomic neuropathy was significantly more in cases than controls.  Out of 67 cases with autonomic neuropathy 32 (47.76%) had gallbladder disorders and out of 34 cases without autonomic neuropathy 4(11.76%) had gallbladder disorders. Thus prevalence of gallbladder disorders in cases with autonomic neuropathy was significantly more than in cases without autonomic neuropathy. Conclusion: Present study concluded that Gallbladder disorders are significantly associated with metabolic syndrome in type-2 diabetics.Type-2 diabetics with autonomic neuropathy have larger gall bladders with poor contraction in response to fatty meals, thus predisposing these patients to various forms of gall bladder disease

Background: ß-thalassemia is one of the most common autosomal recessive disorder ranging from clinically silent heterogenous thalassemia minor to severe transfusion dependent thalassemia major. Blood transfusion is the primary way of treating thalassemia, but it leads to iron overload and results in serious damage to various organs by depositing in the liver, heart, and various other endocrine glands along with endocrine organ failure. Iron induced liver injury leads to high serum ferritin levels and thus in turn, accounts for the abnormal lipid profile. The purpose of this study is to investigate the lipid profile in ß- thalassemia major patients and their correlation with serum ferritin levels. Methods: 75 ß-thalassemia patients of both sexes ranging from 1-18 years, receiving multiple blood transfusions were included in the present study. Blood samples were withdrawn, analysed for serum ferritin levels and lipid profile and their correlation were assessed. Results: Out of 75 ß-thalassemia major patients, 64% were male and 72% were Sikh by religion. The mean no. of blood transfusions was 128.26±52.89 with average dose and duration of iron chelation was 1177.63±438.47 mg/day and 7.9±3.7 years respectively. The mean value of serum ferritin was 2788.05±1799.22 ng/ml. Mean HDL levels were on the lower side with an average of 21.73±8.56 mg/dl and its correlation with serum ferritin was negative (r=-0.635). The average value of serum total cholesterol and LDL were 116.1±46.15 mg/dl and 59.95±16.72 mg/dl respectively. The mean triglyceride level (TG) was on the higher side with an average of 202.87±91.57 mg/dl and its correlation with serum ferritin was positive (r=+0.845). Conclusion: Raised serum ferritin levels showed low levels of HDL and high levels of total cholesterol, LDL and serum triglycerides. Dyslipidemia in these children can lead to increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Background: Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are one of the important modern epidemics affecting the elderly and it also worsens with age.  Health seeking behavior among elderly plays an important role in managing NCDs properly and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality from NCDs. And health seeking behavior in turn is influenced by various factors. Knowing more about the pattern of health seeking behavior and its determinants among elderly will help health care workers in taking proper measures to improve their health seeking behavior and thus improve the quality of living. Objectives: To assess the health seeking behavior among elderly living with NCDs in a rural area in Trivandrum district and to find out the determinants of health seeking behavior among them. Materials and methods: It is a qualitative study using Focus group discussion method. Done  within 3months during June 2022 to August 2022 in a rural grama  panchayath area in Trivandrum district, Kerala among elderly individuals  diagnosed with NCD like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia,  heart diseases, residing in the that  panchayath area  in Trivandrum .Total of 2 FGDs were conducted with each one having minimum of 6 and maximum of 12 participants. Total of 18 participants were included. Details regarding socio-demographic details, details regarding pattern of health seeking behavior for NDCs, and factors influencing health seeking behavior were discussed. Results: In the current study it was found that half of the participants had good health seeking behavior. Less than half of the participants had self medication. Motivation from dear and near, fear of complication, good support from health care worker were found out to be the facilitating factors while Self medication, poor transportation availablty, poor attitude from health care workers, fear of Covid19, poor financial status were reported as reason for poor health seeking behavior in this study. Conclusion: Addressing these barriers by improving the awareness of public regarding NCDs and importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment along with overall improvement of health related facilities and quality health care services along with integration and coordination of public and private health services and promoting the various motivational factors can improve the overall health seeking behaviorBackground: Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are one of the important modern epidemics affecting the elderly and it also worsens with age.  Health seeking behavior among elderly plays an important role in managing NCDs properly and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality from NCDs. And health seeking behavior in turn is influenced by various factors. Knowing more about the pattern of health seeking behavior and its determinants among elderly will help health care workers in taking proper measures to improve their health seeking behavior and thus improve the quality of living. Objectives: To assess the health seeking behavior among elderly living with NCDs in a rural area in Trivandrum district and to find out the determinants of health seeking behavior among them. Materials and methods: It is a qualitative study using Focus group discussion method. Done  within 3months during June 2022 to August 2022 in a rural grama  panchayath area in Trivandrum district, Kerala among elderly individuals  diagnosed with NCD like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia,  heart diseases, residing in the that  panchayath area  in Trivandrum .Total of 2 FGDs were conducted with each one having minimum of 6 and maximum of 12 participants. Total of 18 participants were included. Details regarding socio-demographic details, details regarding pattern of health seeking behavior for NDCs, and factors influencing health seeking behavior were discussed. Results: In the current study it was found that half of the participants had good health seeking behavior. Less than half of the participants had self medication. Motivation from dear and near, fear of complication, good support from health care worker were found out to be the facilitating factors while Self medication, poor transportation availablty, poor attitude from health care workers, fear of Covid19, poor financial status were reported as reason for poor health seeking behavior in this study. Conclusion: Addressing these barriers by improving the awareness of public regarding NCDs and importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment along with overall improvement of health related facilities and quality health care services along with integration and coordination of public and private health services and promoting the various motivational factors can improve the overall health seeking behavior

Background: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are associated with oxidative stress and are major causes of cardiovascular disease amounting to 30% of global death rate.  Objective: To study the pathogenic role of Serum Uric Acid Levels  in  essential hypertension. Material and Methods:  This study was conducted at Department of General Medicine in a Medical College. Results: Mean age of the cases with hypertension was 55.02 years with 28.9% cases being above 60 years of age. Out of the total 235 cases, 57.9% were males while 42.1% were females. Out of the total 235 cases with hypertension, 83.8% were in stage I hypertension while 16.2% were in stage II hypertension. Prevalence of hyperuricemia was seen as 27.7% among cases with hypertension. Mean age was comparable among cases with and without hyperuricemia (54.85 vs 55.09 years; p-0.84. Conclusion: Mean serum uric acid levels were significantly associated with increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a significant global health problem with substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. The prevalence of CKD varies across different regions, with a higher burden observed in low- and middle-income countries.CKD is often associated with a range of comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, and anemia, which further contribute to adverse outcomes.Understanding the etiology of CKD is crucial for implementing targeted prevention and management strategies.Objective: To assess the clinical profile of CKD Patients. Methods: This cross sectional study was done on 100 CKD patients after IHEC approval with Informed consent. The various etiology of CKD, stage of disease, coexisting medical conditions, laboratory findings, and ECG/ECHO were measured.Result: Anaemia and hypocalcemia was common among the study participants. All had Cardiac changes. Majority of patients had comorbidities such as alcoholism, cardiac disease, anemia, clubbing, pedal edema, and abnormal lipid profiles. Conclusion: Managing anemia, mineral and bone disorders, fluid and electrolyte balance, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and inflammation becomes crucial in the comprehensive care of CKD patients to mitigate cardiovascular risks.

Introduction: Gestational diabetes affects a significant proportion of pregnant women and can have adverse health effects for both the mother and the baby. Monitoring blood glucose levels and lipid profiles is crucial in managing this condition. This comparative study examines how glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and lipid profile parameters change in women with gestational diabetes compared to normoglycemic pregnant women, with the goal of improving diagnostic and management strategies for this condition. The aim of this study was to determine that HbA1c is an independent marker of dyslipidaemia among GDM cases and emphasize the link between the aforementioned parameters among pregnant women in Bihar. Materials and Methods: In this comparative study, we included fifty patients who were diagnosed with gestational diabetes during pregnancy. All of the antenatal women were in their third trimester. We also included another fifty pregnant women as controls, who did not have gestational diabetes or any other pregnancy complications in their third trimester. Both the cases and controls were randomly selected from the age group of 20 to 45 years. In this study, we measured the serum lipid profile parameters, oral glucose tolerance test blood glucose levels, and glycosylated haemoglobin levels in patients with gestational diabetes, and compared them with those of healthy pregnant women. Results: In this study, 50 pregnant women with GDM had a mean age of 31.2 years, while 50 pregnant women in the healthy control group had a mean age of 29.3 years. In the present study, serum triglycerides were observed at 193.12±10.12 mg/dL in GDM cases and 150.76±8.54 mg/dL in the control group, while serum total cholesterol was observed at 211.43±14.34 mg/dL in GDM cases and 168.83±18.19 mg/dL in the control group. The levels of serum triglycerides and serum cholesterol in GDM cases were statistically significantly higher as compared to the controls. The serum HDL cholesterol was observed at 57.98±5.78 mg/dL in GDM cases and 55.12±6.67 mg/dL in the control group, while serum LDL cholesterol was observed at 92.13±13.45 mg/dL in GDM cases and 82.03±10.16 mg/dL in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference in their HDL and LDL Cholesterol in the cases and control group. The fasting blood glucose was recorded at 116±9.65 mg/dL in GDM cases and 89±5.89 mg/dL in the control group, the blood glucose level after 1 hour of 75grams oral glucose administration in oral glucose tolerance test was observed at 198.13±12.74 mg/dL in GDM cases and 158.33±9.34 mg/dL in the control group while blood glucose level after 2 hours was observed at 174.38±11.48 mg/dL in GDM cases and 140.11±7.87 mg/dL in the control group. The differences between cases and controls were statistically significant. The mean value of the HbA1c of cases and control groups was 8.15±1.12 mg/dL and 6.02±0.18 mg/dL respectively. This difference between healthy pregnant women and women with GDM was statistically significant. Conclusion: The study's findings have conclusively demonstrated that triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, glycated haemoglobin, and glucose levels in the blood all play a significant role in the development of dyslipidemia in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Although it is well known that lipid parameters increase during a healthy pregnancy, the way they increase in GDM is different.

Introduction: Stroke is one of the most important non communicable diseases causing death. Stroke or CerebroVascular Accident (CVA) is “abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit that is attributable to a focal vascular cause Therefore, the role of lipid profile at the aspect of stroke status and risk assessment also needs to be further discussed. In order to analyse the above issues, our study investigated the association between stroke patients and their lipid profile. Material and Methods: This study included 100 patient admitted in the ward and fulfilling the inclusion criteria. The study consists of history taking, clinical examination and biochemical assay. Study subjects were selected after obtaining consent. Patient were managed according to standard guidelines. Results: Incidence of stroke was greater in males around 71%. The total serum cholesterol concentration was ≥200mg/dl in 62% of our patients. The HDL-C was <60 mg/dl in 87% of patients in our study and among them 43% had <40mg/dl. The VLDL-C was ≥30 in 46% of stroke patients in our study. Apart from dyslipidemia, hypertension was the most significant risk factor (54%) in our study. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is a tip of iceberg. Lipid profile screening in patients with risk factors like Hypertension, DM, elder people with family history of atherosclerosis diseases etc., can help to provide primary preventive measures. Dyslipidemia, if properly treated being a modifiable risk factor for ischemic stroke, decreases the incidence of stroke due to dyslipidemia. This leads to decreased morbidity and mortality leading to a healthier society.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) imposes a substantial global burden, with millions affected. It remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, straining healthcare systems and necessitating proactive prevention and management efforts. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to study the prevalence OF Coronary Artery Disease among young Indian adults. Materials and Methods: The present study included 100 non cardiac patients attending the General Medicine OPD of Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad. After obtaining consent, all the patients underwent detailed history taking, thorough clinical examination and necessary investigations. Data was collected in MS Excel, analyzed and presented as tables and figures. Results: Equal numbers of male and female patients were present in the study. The patients considered for the study fell into two (2) age groups, 20 – 30 years and 30 – 40 years. Both the age groups had almost equal no. of patients. Dyslipidemia was the most common risk factor in our study with 38% of the study population being dyslipidemic, followed by Hypertension (23%), Diabetes (21%), Sedentary Lifestyle (18%), Smoking (13%) and Obesity (9%). Family History of CAD was noted in 6% of study population. Conclusion: The current research highlights a notable occurrence of coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors among the urban population in India. Consequently, urgent action is necessary to promote awareness about these risk factors, enabling proactive management of individuals at heightened risk for CAD in the future.

Early Repolarisation Pattern (ERP) is an umbrella term that refers to ST-Segment elevation in the absence of chest pain, terminal QRS slurring, or terminal QRS notch. In patients with angina or anginal equivalents with ERP pattern on ECG(Electrocardiograph), the diagnostic dilemma of ERP masking ischemia vs. non-cardiac chest pain cause can falter further workup. We present a case of a 40-year-old male with risk factors of smoking and dyslipidemia presented with complaints of typical anginal chest pain followed by CCS III(Chronic Coronary syndrome III) symptoms of angina and dyspnoea. On primary evaluation he was found to have an Early repolarisation pattern in ECG, despite having a normal 2D Echo and negative cardiac biomarkers, His CAG revealed single vessel disease in the Left Circumflex coronaries. After revascularisation, the patient showed both angiographic and symptomatic improvement.

Background: In the West, coronary heart disease, or CHD, is the main cause of mortality. Young people experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is comparatively rare. Nevertheless, it remains a significant issue for both the patient and the attending physician. There are few studies of risk factors of coronary artery involvement in AMI in young adults, so the purpose of the present study is to identify the risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in rural India. Methods: This was an institute based Observational Cross Sectional Study, done at General Medicine Ward, Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College and Hospital, West Bengal, India, from May 2020 to July 2021. Total 100 patients admitted with AMI during this period meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in this study. A Microsoft Excel spreadsheet containing the data was used for data entry, and SPSS (version 2710; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for analysis. Result: In the present study mean age of patients was 35.21 ±4.39 years, majority of patients belonged to age group of 36-40 years (56%). The mean BMI was 27.23 ±3.34 kg/m2. The most common presentation was chest pain (90%) followed by profuse sweating (65%), radiation to left shoulder/arm (45%), nausea/vomiting (40%), anxiety (38%), breathlessness (28%). Most common risk factor was smoking (85%) followed by hyperlipidemia (82%), family history of premature coronary artery disease (72%), hypertension (52%), sedentary lifestyle (42%), psychosocial stress (38%), obesity (16%) and diabetes mellitus (14%). Majority of the study subjects had more than 3 risk factors (64%), while 21% had 3 risk factors, 13% had two risk factors. Mean level of cardiac enzyme marker CKMB was 38.42 ±5.67 IU/L. Conclusion: Acute MI in young patients is becoming a rising problem in Indian subcontinent which is more common in men. Smoking was the most common risk factor of MI in them indicating atherosclerosis could be the commonest cause followed by dyslipidemia.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the common non-communicable diseases in India. Dyslipidemia is also associated with diabetes mellitus. Role of vitamin D is described in diabetes mellitus in multiple studies owing to its facilitation/inhibition of transcription factor and immune-modulator property. Aim: to evaluate association of vitamin D level with parameters of fasting lipid profile. Methods: It was an analytical observational case study. Patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in the study. All routine lab parameters were done. Statistical analysis was done by pearson correlation test, fisher’s exact test and ANOVA. Linear regression analysis was also done. Results: 119 patients were included in the study. Vitamin D deficiency was found in 77 patients (64.71%). Negative correlation was present between vitamin D level and HbA1c. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be significantly associated with high HbA1c (p = 0.024). Furthermore, Negative correlation was found between vitamin D level and total cholesterol (r = -0.0134, p = 0.8987), serum triglyceride (r = -0.0310, p = 0.7690) and serum LDL (r = -0.0149, p = 0.8873). Positive correlation was present between vitamin D level and serum HDL (r = 0.0296, p = 0.7782). On ANOVA test, mean values of serum triglyceride in vitamin D deficient, vitamin D insufficient and vitamin D sufficient groups were 206 ± 147.3 mg/dl, 152.78 ± 64 mg/dl and 147.84 ± 72.6 mg/dl respectively. (p = 0.0510), near significant association was found between vitamin D deficiency and increased serum triglyceride level. Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with poor glycemic control. Vitamin D deficiency in type 2 diabetes mellitus may be a risk factor for dyslipidemia.

Background: As we all know that Stroke is becoming an important cause of disability and premature death in low-income and middle-income countries like India, affecting largely the poorer sections of the society driven by demographic changes and enhanced by the increasing prevalence of the key modifiable risk factors which impoverish their families further. Therefore, our study was planned to evaluate the risk factors and their prognostic value in patients of ischemic stroke in our setup? Research Question: What are the risk factors and their prognostic value in the patients of ischemic stroke?The setting of the study was at department of General Medicine, Government General Hospital, Government Medical College, Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh. A one-year observational study was conducted during the period from October 2022 to September 2023 on about 100 Ischemic Stroke cases admitted during the above period in the department of General Medicineby studying their socio-demographic profiles, associated risk factors, assessment of the degree of severity in association with risk factors, clinical course and outcome, etc. Results: Among the total study subjects 61% were male and 39% were female and it was observed that the distribution of the disease was more as age advances and it was also noticed that the severity of the disease was more among males when compared to females. Among all the study subjects 55% had hypertension followed by 45% had diabetes mellitus, 34% had history of smoking, 26% had history of regular alcohol intake, 23% had dyslipidemia, 13% had heart disease, 6% had hypercoagulable states,10% had history of TIA, 6% had history of migraine, 3% had history of OC pills usage and 2% had family history of stroke. Hypertension, Diabetes and smoking were the common risk factors present in the majority of the study subjects. Regarding the outcome of the disease the disability and mortality was more among the study subjects who had hypertension and diabetes when compared to non-hypertensive and non-diabetic study subjects significantly(P<0.001).

BACKGROUND:Atherosclerotic renovascular disease is a frequently overlooked condition and potentially correctable disease. It is estimated that approximately 1-5% of people have renovascular disease as an underlying cause of hypertension. It is also frequently associated with decreased renal function. Patients with atherosclerotic renal artery disease are at significantly increased risk for other vascular events, including coronary and cerebrovascular complications. The Atherosclerotic RAS is one of the most common causes of secondary hypertension and its prevalence in hypertensive patients undergoing coronary angiography is low, but substantially higher in patients with established peripheral (50%) and/or coronary artery disease (30%), and elderly population. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of RAS among CAD patients with hypertension who underwent coronary angiography. METHODOLOGY: This is a hospital based cross sectional study which included100 patients presenting to department of cardiology, KGH between 1st July 2021 and 30th June 2023 with a diagnosis of coronary artery disease with Hypertension and who underwent Coronary angiography (CAG). After completion of CAG, Renal angiography (RAG) was done selectively using the same Judgkins right catheter.Data were entered in MS-Excel and analysed in SPSS V25. Descriptive statistics were represented with percentages for qualitative data, Mean with SD for quantitative data. Chi-square test, Fisher Exact test was applied for comparison of proportions. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. CONCLUSION:In the present study(n=100), the prevalence of Renal artery stenosis was significant (19% ) where unilateral involvement was seen in 14% and bilateral RAS in 5%.In our study, patients’ age ranged from 32 to 76 years. Mean age was 53.8 ± 8.15 years. In our study, majority (59%) were males and 41% were females. Males were higher (68%) when compared to females (38%) in patients with RAS.Among the risk factors, smoking and dyslipidemia were higher in patients with RAS, when compared to patients with normal renal arteries, though not statiscally significant. The percentage of patients with Diabetes and obesity were similar in both groups. In our study, the presence of stage 2 hypertension and resistant hypertension are independent variables for the presence of renal artery stenosis in CAD with hypertension patients. The presence of age more than 50 years, stage 2 hypertension at presentation, resistant hypertension and triple vessel disease on coronary angiography serve as independent predictors for renal artery stenosis with statistically significant parameters in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertension in our study. Renal angiography is recommended to screen for ARAS in hypertensive patients with multiple risk factors and multivessel disease to prevent ischemic nephropathy a reversible cause of chronic renal failure.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a rapidly rising chronic illness in developing countries. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a widely used tool for diagnosing, screening, and managing patients with diabetes, hence proper interpretation of the HbA1c is crucial. Objectives: To investigate the risk factors affecting type 2 diabetes mellitus HbA1c and their correlation with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Material & Methods: Diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus during study period were enrolled in this study. Criteria for diagnosis were: HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol /mol), Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL (7.0mmol/L) 2-Hour postprandial plasma ≥ 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). Demographic data and risk factors associated with diabetes were analysed. Results: Majority of the patients (37%) were 51-70 years age group, predominantly male (63%). Among risk factors assessment, 66.5% were overweight or obese, 53.3% had positive family history of DM, 55.3% were hypertensives, 43.5% had dyslipidemia, 32.7% had a family history of CAD, 39.3% were smokers and 32% were physically inactive. HbA1c were significantly associated with the all these risk factors. Conclusion: Age, higher BMI, family history of DM, smoking, physical inactivity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and history of CVD are positively correlated with the HbA1c level. 

Conclusion: This observational study provides evidence supporting the effectiveness and safety of rosuvastatin in reducing LDL cholesterol levels among individuals with dyslipidemia. Rosuvastatin therapy was well-tolerated and associated with improvements in lipid profiles. These findings highlight the potential of rosuvastatin as a therapeutic option for managing dyslipidemia and reducing cardiovascular risk

Background: Stroke poses a significant societal burden, contributing to global mortality and disability. Second only to ischemic heart disease, stroke exhibits the highest mortality rates. Preventive measures involve addressing modifiable risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, obesity, atrial fibrillation, smoking, and alcoholism. This study aims to assess the demographic profile and associated risk factors among stroke patients younger than 45years admitted to PGIMER & Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Methods: Conducted between October 2022, and October 2023, this single-center, cross-sectional observational study enrolled 52 stroke patients at PGIMER & Capital Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 20.

Results: Of the 52 patients, 34 (65%) were male, and 18 (35%) were female, with a mean age of 32.57 ± 9.6 years. Ischemic stroke occurred in 39 (75 %) patients, while hemorrhagic stroke was observed in 13 (25 %). The middle cerebral artery territory was the most commonly affected in ischemic stroke (22, 42.30%), whereas intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 11 (78.57%) cases. Smoking and hypertension were prevalent in 51.92% and 51.92 % of ischemic stroke cases, respectively, while hemorrhagic stroke cases showed rates of 23.07 % and 21.15%, respectively. Physical inactivity (50%), alcohol consumption (40.38%), central obesity (46.15%), and dyslipidemia (30.76%) were more frequently associated with ischemic stroke, while significant alcohol consumption (15.38%) was more linked to hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusions: Stroke predominantly affected males and increasing age groups, with ischemic stroke being more common than hemorrhagic stroke. The most prevalent risk factors for stroke in young patients were smoking, hypertension and central obesity

Conclusion: Hence management and control of uric acid levels and Dyslipidemia in Hypertensive patients will help in developing further complications like Myocardial Infarction

Background: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are the two co-existing and synergizing major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. The cellular constituents of blood affect blood volume and viscosity, thus playing a pivotal role in regulating blood pressure. Overweight and obesity are critical determinants of adverse metabolic changes including, an increase in blood pressure. Hypertensive retinopathy is among the vascular complications of essential hypertension. It is known that; the autoregulation of the retinal circulation fails as blood pressure increases beyond critical limit. Materials and Methods:The present study was a cross-sectional study, and it was conducted on 100 patients in the Department of Ophthalmology at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital from January 2022 to December 2023. All the patients were clinically examined& demographic information such as age, sex, residence, and other general and systemic examination information, case history, past medical history, complaints, etc., was collected and recorded in the Proforma prepared for this study purpose. Patients suffering from ocular diseases like chorioretinitis and uveitis willbe excluded from the study. Results: The clinico-demographic & biochemical profile of the patients with retinopathy and without retinopathy. In lipid profile, the mean±SD of serum triglycerides in retinopathy (130.29±40.20) was significantly higher than the mean±SD of serum triglycerides in non- retinopathy (113.16±33.05) [P=0.0384]. Other parameters of lipid profile such as TC (P=0.5966), LDL (P=0.180), HDL (P=0.8017) showed insignificant results while comparing with and without retinopathy. Relationship between the Severity of Hypertension and the Grade of Retinopathy. In the Grade-II retinopathy patients, the number of patients with grade I hypertension were the majority (36.50%). However, there is no statistically significant association between the group of the severity of hypertension and grade of retinopathy (P=0.669, Not Significant). Conclusion:The correlation between serum lipid parameters& hypertensive retinopathy prevalence has been shown. It is possible to consider dyslipidemia as a significant risk factor for the occurrence &seriousness of retinopathy and other failures of the final organ. Multi-organ intervention in hypertension is a norm rather than an anomaly, considering that injury in various areas does not seem to be either synchronous or standardized. A recommendation for ophthalmologists to review lipid parameters in patients with hypertensive retinopathy is our findings' therapeutic effect, which may better classify patients with life-threatening cerebrovascular and carotid artery conditions.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally, with middle-aged adults particularly vulnerable to developing risk factors that can lead to serious health complications. Understanding the dynamics of these risk factors is crucial for effective intervention and prevention. Objective: This study aims to assess the progression of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged adults through a longitudinal observational approach, providing insights into the prevalence, trends, and potential early indicators for reducing CVD incidence. Method: A longitudinal observational design of 522 middle-aged adults was selected through stratified random sampling from the Department of Cardiology, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India. Baseline data collection, beginning in June 2019, included comprehensive health assessments, biochemical analyses, and lifestyle questionnaires. Follow-up assessments were conducted annually until June 2024. Key variables measured were blood pressure, lipid profiles, fasting glucose levels, body mass index (BMI), smoking status, and physical activity levels. Statistical analysis was performed using paired t-tests to compare baseline and follow-up data, with a p-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Preliminary results indicate a high prevalence of hypertension (55%, p<0.01), dyslipidemia (47%, p<0.01), obesity (40%, p<0.01), and diabetes (30%, p<0.01) among participants. Over the five years, the incidence of hypertension increased to 60% (p<0.01), dyslipidemia to 52% (p<0.01), and obesity to 45% (p<0.01). Diabetes prevalence rose to 35% (p<0.01). Smoking rates slightly decreased from 25% to 22% (p=0.04), while physical inactivity remained high at 60% (p=0.03). Among urban populations, the increase in risk factors was more pronounced, with hypertension rising from 50% to 65% (p<0.01) and obesity from 35% to 50% (p<0.01). The interrelationship between obesity, hypertension, and diabetes was significant, suggesting a compounded risk for cardiovascular events. Conclusions: The study highlights the escalating prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged adults, emphasizing the need for early and targeted intervention strategies. Public health initiatives must focus on lifestyle modifications and continuous monitoring to mitigate these risks and reduce the burden of CVDs

Introduction:   Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. Understanding the cardiovascular outcomes in this population is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the incidence and determinants of cardiovascular events in patients with CKD at the Department of Cardiology, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India, over a period from June 2018 to December 2023. Method: An observational cohort study was conducted with a sample size of 68 CKD patients. Data were collected on traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and patients were followed to document major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. Statistical analyses included the calculation of incidence rates and multivariate regression to identify independent predictors of cardiovascular outcomes. Results: During the study period, 23.5% of the patients experienced a major cardiovascular event. The incidence rates of myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure were 10.3%, 5.9%, and 7.3%, respectively. Significant predictors of cardiovascular events included hypertension (p < 0.01), dyslipidemia (p < 0.05), and elevated levels of inflammatory markers (p < 0.01). CKD progression was also strongly associated with increased cardiovascular risk (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The findings highlight a high incidence of cardiovascular events among CKD patients and underscore the importance of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management in this population. Early identification and intervention for modifiable risk factors are essential to improve cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients

Introduction: CVD is the most important cause of death all over the world. The burgeoning burden of CAD in India can be explained by the rise in prevalence of risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, obesity, physical inactivity & urbanization. The aim of the study is to compare the risk factors of patients with CAD& their siblings. Method:  It was a case-control study, conducted over a period of 1.5 years. In this study CAD patients and their siblings without CAD; age <60 years were included. Both groups were compared for CAD risk factors. Results: Total 100 patients their 100 siblings were taken. Patients were more smoker(19% patients &4% siblings p =0.001), more heavy alcohol consumption(21% patients &10% siblings p = 0.032), more moderate and high stress level(56% patients & 38 % siblings p= 0.037), more physical inactivity(70% patients &51% sibling p=0.019), more central obese(abnormal WHR for male 41% patients &25% siblings p= 0.024 and for female 21% patients &16% siblings p= 0.037), more hypertensive(40% patients & 22% siblings p=0.003), more diabetic(44% patients &11% sibling p=0.000), more intake of carbohydrate(p= 0.014), & fats(p= 0.033) and low HDL cholesterol(69% patients &46% siblings p= 0.001). Beside this among siblings’ prevalence of prehypertension, prediabetes and dyslipidemia were high. Conclusion: We found that CAD risk factors were high in patients compared to their siblings. Beside this among sibling prevalence of prehypertension, prediabetes and dyslipidemia were high. So, to prevent CAD these factors should be controlled.

Introduction: Vegetarianism dates back to a time before recorded history. The present study was undertaken to compare individuals (vegetarians and non-vegetarians) lipid profile which is used to determine the risk of obesity, myocardial infarction and helps in determining the treatment has border line or high-risk cases. Aims & objectives: The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of serum lipid profile in vegetarians and non-vegetarians’ young adults, so that the effects produced by the type of dietary intake can be evaluated. Materials and methods: A total of 100 (50 vegetarians and 50 non-vegetarians) were selected from Kurnool medical college, Kurnool with exclusion criteria (Subjects with history of hypercholesterolemia, hereditary dyslipidemias, Subjects on drugs that affect the lipid profile, hypertensive’s, diabetics, heart diseases and thyroid diseases and subjects with Smoking and Alcohol). All parameters (lipid profile) were done on a Semi automated analyser (Erba chem-5x). Results: The mean values of TC (Total cholesterol), LDL, VLDL, TG (Triglycerides) are high in non-vegetarians when compared to vegetarians and HDL is high in vegetarians. The p value is <0.0001 and is considered highly significant and food good relation with vegetarian diet. Conclusion: It concludes that healthy dietary pattern maintains a favorable lipid profile.

Background: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) due to systemic inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Objective: This study investigates the association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases in patients attending Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, New Delhi. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted from January 2023 to May 2024. A sample of 65 psoriasis patients was assessed for cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Detailed clinical evaluations, blood tests, and ECG were performed. The prevalence of CVD risk factors and the correlation with psoriasis severity were statistically analyzed. Results: Out of the 65 patients (mean age 43.7 years, 60% male), 45 (69%) showed at least one cardiovascular risk factor. Hypertension was observed in 40% of the patients, dyslipidemia in 35%, and metabolic syndrome in 30%. Psoriasis severity (PASI score) was positively correlated with the presence of multiple CVD risk factors (p<0.05). Furthermore, 12% of the patients had a history of cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction or stroke. The findings indicated a higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in moderate-to-severe psoriasis cases than in mild cases. Conclusions: Psoriasis patients, especially those with severe forms, exhibit a significantly increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Early cardiovascular screening and management should be integral to psoriasis care to mitigate this risk.

Background: Hypertension and dyslipidemia are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and may also impact retinal microvasculature. This study investigates the correlation between serum lipid profiles and retinal microvascular changes in hypertensive patients. Objective: To assess the association between serum lipid levels and retinal microvascular measurements, including central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE), central retinal venular equivalent (CRVE), and arteriovenous ratio (AVR), in hypertensive patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 hypertensive patients. Baseline demographic data, blood pressure, and serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and VLDL) were recorded. Retinal microvascular measurements were assessed using fundus photography. Pearson correlation and multivariate regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between lipid levels and retinal microvascular changes, adjusted for age, gender, BMI, and blood pressure. Results: Total and LDL cholesterol were negatively correlated with CRAE (r = -0.32, p = 0.002; r = -0.29, p = 0.005) and positively correlated with CRVE (r = 0.28, p = 0.006; r = 0.34, p = 0.001). HDL cholesterol was positively correlated with CRAE (r = 0.35, p = 0.001) and AVR (r = 0.29, p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis confirmed these findings, showing that total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides negatively impacted retinal microvasculature, while HDL had a protective effect. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is associated with retinal microvascular changes in hypertensive patients, suggesting its potential role in hypertensive retinopathy development. Lipid management may help in preserving retinal microvasculature.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Among them the spectrum of ischemic heart disease which encompass stable ischemic heart disease, unstable angina, NSTEMI & STEMI is the commonest cause. Coronary no-reflow is a frequent phenomenon that develops in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction during reperfusion therapy. In this study, we focused on to assess the prevalence of coronary no reflow in STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI. Methodology: This study was conducted in patients in Cath lab, Coronary Care Unit and different wards of the department of Cardiology in Apollo Multispecialty Hospital Limited during the period of 18 months spanning from November 2021 to April 2023. Consecutive patients of STEMI who had undergone PPCI were enrolled in this study. The patients to be included are those with STEMI above age≥18 years. They were divided into no reflow and normal flow and their characteristics were studied. Results: The prevalence of no reflow was 9.93%. Majority of the patients had age more than 60 years (55%) whereas 45% of the patients were younger than 60 years with males (71%) and females (29%). Common associated condition with patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention in present study was hypertension (86%), dyslipidemia (80%) and diabetes mellitus (93%). TIMI thrombus scale and Myocardial blush grade (MBG) was significantly higher in patients with hypertension. There was a significant difference found in TIMI thrombus scale and MBG between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. There were significant differences found in mean LVEF in respect to myocardial blush grade (MBG). Conclusion: The TIMI thrombus scale and myocardial blush grade was found to be higher in patients with no reflow undergoing PCI. The prevalence of no reflow after primary PCI is 9.93%. The co morbidities like DM, hypertension and dyslipidemia were more common among these patients.

In India awareness of hypertension, its risk factors and complications are very poor. Hence, hypertension goes undiagnosed and untreated for a long time. Hence, there is a gross increase in the number of elderly populations in India. Isolated systolic hypertension is the commonest cause of raised blood pressure in the older population. Hence the present study is undertaken to study the clinical profile of isolated systolic hypertension (systolic > 140 and diastolic ≤ 90 mmHg in elderly (above the age of 60 years), to find out any other associated risk factors, any end organ complications, specially on cardia through electrocardiography and echocardiography and on kidney through creatinine clearance. Methodology: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken on patients attending the Outpatient Department as well as in-patients of Department of General Medicine, Narayana Medical college, Nellore from November 2022 to October 2023. The study group comprised of 75 elderly patients (Male=49, Female=26) of the age group of 60 to 89 years. All of these patients had isolated systolic hypertension i.e. (SBP> 140 mmHg and DBP ≤ 90 mmHg), first time detected. Detailed evaluation of these patients was done. The evaluation comprised of detailed clinical history, thorough physical examination with relevant investigations. Results: 53.33% of the patients are in the age group of 66-75 years. Females are presented more in the age group of < 70 years than males with p=0.063. Male population – 65.33%, Female population – 34.67%. As the age increases, the blood pressure also increases significantly with f=16.439, p<0.001. Patients with stage III BP are more likely to develop abnormal retinal changes with p=0.087. 36% of the patients had ECG, LVH as per Sokolow-Lyons Positive criteria. 28%of the patients had ECG, LVH as per Romhilt-Estees score criteria. As the stage of blood pressure increases the incidence of increased LVMI increases. Patients presenting with stage III blood pressure are 2.90 times more likely to develop increased LVMI with p=0.044. Conclusion: ISH is the commonest cause of high blood pressure in the elderly. The incidence increases with age advancement. It is riskier in nonwhite population. Waist/hip ratios, DM, dyslipidaemia are significant associated risk factors. ISH associated with risk factors has definite effect mainly on cardia in terms of LV hypertrophy. and on kidney in terms of reduced creatinine clearance is an even better predictor of morbidity and mortality than is diastolic blood pressure. Several large trials have documented a clear benefit to treating ISH. Even small reductions in BP have a substantial impact on patient outcome.

Background In this study, we wanted to assess the diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients using Doppler echocardiography. Methods: This was a hospital based cross-sectional study conducted among 100 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) who exhibited diastolic dysfunction, admitted to the Department of Medicine, of a tertiary care hospital, over a period of 2 years after obtaining clearance from institutional ethics committee and written informed consent from the study participants.

Results

In associations with Diastolic Dysfunction

Diastolic dysfunction was significantly associated with age (p=0.038). Older age groups (51-60 years and >60 years) had higher proportions of advanced diastolic dysfunction (Grades III and IV). Males were more likely to have milder forms of diastolic dysfunction, while females had     higher proportions in the severe grades (p=0.037). A significant association was observed between rural residency and severe diastolic dysfunction (p=0.034), with rural participants showing higher prevalence of Grade III and IV dysfunction. Higher triglyceride levels were associated with increasing diastolic dysfunction severity (p=0.006). Advanced diastolic dysfunction was significantly associated with microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria (p=0.004), indicating kidney damage. Higher HbA1c levels were associated with more severe diastolic dysfunction (p=0.000), reflecting poor glycemic control. Longer duration of diabetes was significantly associated with worsening diastolic dysfunction (p=0.049). Overweight and obese individuals were more likely to have advanced diastolic dysfunction (p=0.000). Severe forms of neuropathy, particularly autonomic neuropathy, were associated with higher grades of diastolic dysfunction (p=0.000). Conclusion Age, sex, region, and duration of diabetes all showed a significant relationship with the severity of diastolic dysfunction. Older individuals, females, and urban residents were at higher risk for more advanced stages of diastolic dysfunction. Glycemic control (HbA1c) was a key factor, with poorer control being strongly associated with more severe dysfunction. This highlights the importance of achieving good glycemic control to prevent cardiac complications. Triglyceride levels and BMI were also significantly associated with diastolic dysfunction, pointing to the importance of managing dyslipidemia and obesity in diabetic patients. Diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy were more prevalent in those with advanced diastolic dysfunction, indicating that cardiovascular and renal complications often coexist in diabetic populations.

Background: Hypertension is a global health burden and a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence highlights the role of metabolic disturbances, including hyperhomocysteinemia and dyslipidemia, particularly elevated serum Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Understanding the relationship between these factors is crucial for effective management and prevention of cardiovascular complications. Aim To investigate the correlation between serum VLDL levels and hyperhomocysteinemia in hypertensive patients. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the VSS Institute of Medical Sciences and Research (VIMSAR), Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha, from February 1, 2023, to January 31, 2024. A total of 100 hypertensive patients aged 30–65 years were included. Participants were categorized into two groups: those with hyperhomocysteinemia (serum homocysteine >15 µmol/L) and those with normal homocysteine levels. Serum VLDL and homocysteine levels were measured using enzymatic and HPLC methods, respectively. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 23.0, with correlation and independent t-tests employed to assess associations. Results Among the 100 participants, 55% had hyperhomocysteinemia. The hyperhomocysteinemia group exhibited significantly higher serum VLDL levels (45 ± 8 mg/dL) compared to the normal homocysteine group (35 ± 7 mg/dL; p<0.001). A strong positive correlation was observed between serum VLDL and homocysteine levels (r=0.72, p<0.001). Additionally, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly elevated in the hyperhomocysteinemia group (p<0.05). Conclusion The study demonstrated a significant association between elevated serum VLDL levels and hyperhomocysteinemia in hypertensive patients, highlighting the interplay between lipid metabolism and homocysteine levels in hypertension. These findings suggest that addressing both lipid abnormalities and hyperhomocysteinemia may improve clinical outcomes in hypertensive patients. Recommendations The fundamental mechanisms and causal link between serum VLDL and homocysteine levels require further longitudinal research. Incorporating lipid and homocysteine management into hypertensive care protocols may reduce cardiovascular risk and improve patient outcomes.

Introduction The most prevalent form of the disease, type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is often asymptomatic in the early stages and it may remain undiagnosed for many years.The insulin resistance in the liver leads to failure of the hyperinsulinaemia to suppress the gluconeogenesis, which increases fasting glucose levels and decreases. glycogen storage by the liver in the postprandial phase. Increased glucose production in the liver occurs early in the course of diabetes, and it is likely in skeletal muscles after the onset of the insulin secretory abnormalities and the insulin resistance. Due to the insulin resistance in the adipose tissue and obesity, the free fatty acid (FFA) flux from the adipocytes is increased, which in turn leads to an increase in lipid [very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides] synthesis in the hepatocytes. This is responsible for the dyslipidaemia which is found in type2 diabetes mellitus [elevated triglycerides, reduced HDL, and increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of developing microvascular and macrovascular complications Materials and Methods This was a cross-sectional study of newly diagnosed type 2 DM patients in the Department of Physiology, Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital & Research Centre. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were extracted from the case notes of eligible patients and analyzed using STATA version 14. Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median and interquartile range (IQR) while categorical variables were as frequencies and percentages. Student t and chi-square tests were used to test for association at p < 0.05. Results The study included 160 diabetic patients to evaluate the significance of postprandial dyslipidemia. Patients were categorized based on their glycemic status, lipid profiles, and postprandial lipid levels.  Postprandial dyslipidemia, characterized by elevated triglycerides and reduced HDL-C levels, was a significant finding in this study. These abnormalities were more pronounced in patients with poor glycemic control, highlighting the importance of postprandial lipid monitoring and its potential role in managing cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Conclusion Postprandial dyslipidemia is prevalent among diabetic patients and is significantly associated with poor glycemic control. Monitoring postprandial lipid levels could be essential in managing cardiovascular risk in this population

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with significant cardiovascular complications, often progressing silently before clinical manifestations appear. Subclinical cardiac dysfunction can be detected early using echocardiographic parameters. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between metabolic risk factors including BMI, lipid profile, and glycemic control—and subclinical cardiac changes in asymptomatic T2DM patients. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medicine, Mamata Academy of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, enrolling 300 asymptomatic T2DM patients. Clinical and metabolic parameters, including BMI, HbA1c, fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, and renal function tests, were recorded. 2D echocardiography was performed to assess left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), E/A ratio, and global longitudinal strain (GLS). Correlations between metabolic risk factors and echocardiographic parameters were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multiple regression models. Results: The mean HbA1c level was 8.2 ± 1.0%, and the mean BMI was 28.5 ± 3.4 kg/m². Significant correlations were observed between HbA1c and E/A ratio (r = -0.88, p < 0.001), indicating that poor glycemic control is associated with diastolic dysfunction. Total cholesterol showed a strong correlation with LVMI (r = 0.60, p < 0.001), suggesting that dyslipidemia contributes to left ventricular remodeling. LVEF was mildly reduced (55.0 ± 4.4%), and GLS values (-17.8 ± 1.9%) confirmed early myocardial strain impairment. Conclusion: Metabolic risk factors, particularly poor glycemic control and dyslipidemia, are significantly associated with subclinical cardiac dysfunction in asymptomatic T2DM patients. The strongest correlation was observed between HbA1c and diastolic dysfunction (E/A ratio), emphasizing the need for strict glycemic control to prevent early cardiac impairment. The study highlights the importance of early cardiovascular screening using echocardiographic markers, even in the absence of symptoms, to mitigate the progression of diabetic cardiomyopathy.

Background: Regular puncture for dialysis, treatment with anticoagulation and abnormal hemodynamics make infections, hematoma, thrombosis, limb oedema, cellulitis of limb, bleeding, pseudoaneurysms and true aneurysms a relatively common complication in patients with arteriovenous fistula (AVF) for hemodialysis. Aims: We aim to describe the presentations, treatment modalities and probable causative factors of true and pseudo aneurysms in CKD patients with arteriovenous access.Materials and Methodology: It was a retrospective observational study in the Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery at IPGMER And SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, during the period July 2022 to July 2024. Results: In our study, 34.03% patients were in the age group 51-60 and 23.15% were in the age group 41-50. Of those studied, 61.4 % were male, the rest were female. All the patients had Stage V CKD. 68.77% patients had aneurysms of the brachiocephalic fistula while the rest had aneurysms of the radiocephalic fistula. Among comorbidities, 67.01% patients had Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), 86.31% patients were hypertensive, 64.21% patients had peripheral arterial disease, 36.14% patients had heart failure, 82.80% patients had dyslipidemia.In our study, 108 (37.80%) patients had Type Ia aneurysm, 142 (49.82%) had Type Ib aneurysm, 21 (7.36%) had Type IIa aneurysm, 14 (4.91%) had Type IIb aneurysm. 44.91% patients who presented were asymptomatic, while 40% presented as bleeding fistula and 15.09% presented as hematoma. Among treatment modalities undertaken, ligation of fistula was done for a significant 77.55% of cases, excision of aneurysm and repair for 16.84% and endovascular repair was done for 5.61 % of patients. Conclusions: Frequent monitoring of the arteriovenous access, avoiding repeated punctures in same site for dialysis, regular dressing and antibiotics to prevent infection may help identify and prevent aneurysms early and provide prompt treatment to avoid potentially fatal consequences like rupture, hemorrhage, thrombosis and stenosis. To determine the ideal treatment strategy and the appropriate time for intervention, studies outlining the etiology, natural history and development of aneurysms are necessary.

Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Serum lipid profiles play a crucial role in ASCVD risk assessment, but the predictive value of traditional and non-traditional lipid markers requires further investigation. Objectives: This study aims to determine the relationship between serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, triglycerides) and ASCVD risk. Secondary objectives include analyzing lipid ratios (TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C) as predictors, evaluating the role of non-traditional lipid markers, and identifying demographic and lifestyle factors influencing lipid profiles and ASCVD risk. Methods: This observational study included 100 adults (30–70 years) without pre-existing ASCVD, recruited from a single-center healthcare facility. Baseline demographic, lifestyle, and biochemical parameters were recorded. Lipid profiles, lipoprotein(a), apolipoproteins, fasting glucose, and HbA1c were assessed. Participants were followed for six weeks to monitor incident ASCVD events. Data were analyzed using SPSS and R software, with logistic regression applied for risk assessment. Results: The mean ASCVD risk score was 10.3 ± 4.7%. Elevated LDL-C (132.5 ± 21.6 mg/dL) and unfavorable lipid ratios correlated with higher ASCVD risk. Incident ASCVD events occurred in 15% of participants, including myocardial infarction (7%), stroke (4%), and peripheral arterial disease (4%). Lipoprotein(a) and apolipoproteins showed potential value in risk stratification. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia and unfavorable lipid ratios significantly predict ASCVD risk. Non-traditional lipid markers may enhance risk assessment. Routine lipid monitoring and targeted interventions are essential for early prevention.

Background: Inclisiran inhibits PCSK9 production by mimicking body’s process of RNA interference mechanism and is targeted towards the hepatocytes by binding to GalNac leading to greater uptake of LDL-C by the hepatocytes. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of Inclisiran in 16 Indian ASCVD patients from day 0 to day 90. Methods: The study included 16 Indian patients with documented ASCVD treated with Inclisiran in addition to oral LLTs. ESC 2019 recommendation for risk stratification was performed to classify the patients into different risk categories and the LDL-C goals appropriate to each risk categories were set as benchmark to be achieved. The patients were followed up-to 90 days and lipid profile was checked prior to the initiation of Inclisiran and at day 90. Results: The mean age of patients included was 53 years contributed by 13 males and 3 females. All the patients received maximally tolerated oral lipid lowering therapies post discharge. Inclisiran was administered in these patients who were unable to achieve the guideline recommended LDL-C targets despite being administered with maximally tolerated oral LLTs. The baseline mean LDL-C value observed in the patients was 124.5 mg/dl prior to initiation of Inclisiran. The mean LDL-C reduction was found to be 66.2% from the baseline in a span of 3 months. 5 out of 7 extreme risk patients achieved the ESC guideline recommended LDL-C target of < 40 mg/dl, 9 out of 9 very high-risk patients achieved < 55mg/dl. Conclusion: Inclisiran 284mg SC offered an effective and safe LDL-C reduction without any adverse CV events reported during the study period.

Background: It was discovered that thyroid hormones, which are classified as catabolic hormones, control several metabolic processes, such as lipid synthesis, mobilization, and breakdown. Thyroid hormones significantly affect lipoprotein metabolism as well as some CVD risk factors, thus influencing the overall CVD risk. Objectives: To find relation between abnormal thyroid functions and lipid levels Methods: It is a Cross-sectional study. Analysis of Total Cholesterol, Triglycerides and HDL Cholesterol was made using a fully automated Biochemistry analyzer. Serum T3, T4, and TSH were analyzed using Chemiluminescence assay. Correlation of Thyroid hormone and lipid ration were done. Results: Majority of them (39.2%) were 41-50 years age group, with female predominance (62.7%). Mean serum levels of TC, TG VLDL, LDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio indicated significantly higher among hypothyroid group as compared to euthyroid group, whereas mean HDL level were significantly lower in hypothyroid group as compared to euthyroid group (p<0.05). Mean serum levels of TC, TG, VLDL, LDL cholesterol and LDL/HDL ratio were significantly lower among hyperthyroid group as compared to euthyroid  group (p<0.05), whereas mean HDL level were significantly higher in hyperthyroid group (p<0.05). Conclusion: Screening for lipid profiles is crucial in all patients with thyroid dysfunction, and it is essential to identify and address underlying lipid abnormalities

Background: The term dyslipidemia is used to denote the presence of any of the following abnormalities, occurring alone or in combination-increased concentration of TC or LDL-Cor serum TG or a decreased concentration of HDL-C. Although it is difficult to compare observations from different studies due to different cut-offs taken to define dyslipidemia, different sampling procedures and different methodologies used for estimations of lipoproteins, dyslipidemia appears to be widely prevalent in India.  Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] has been known as an independent risk factor that cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lp(a) contains apoB100, which is the protein component of lipoprotein having low density, associated with apolipoprotein (a. It has around 80% similarity with plasminogen. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients from Tertiary Care Teaching Centre. Two hundred students were invited to participate in a health survey. Two Hundred (n = 200) patients were involved. The attendance rate was higher in men than in women (131 men, 69 women). The following eligibility criteria were used for inclusion in the study: consent of the participant for participation in the study, an age of ≥18 years, and health status allowing for the examinations to be carried out. Results: We observed gender distribution in our studied population as 65% as male and 35% as female population. In our study, we observed mean age as 37.23 years. There was no significant correlation of PTCA among non-hypertensive and hypertensive patients in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among dyslipidemia with diabetes and non dyslipidemia with non diabetic patients in this study seen. There was no significant correlation of PTCA among hypothyroid and euthyroid patients in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among patients with and without endothelial dysfunction in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among patients with and without significant ECG changes in this study seen. There was significant correlation of PTCA among patients with and without. CONCLUSION: Overall observations indicate high prevalence of comorbidities, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL-C, low HDL-C and endothelial dysfunction along with significant prevalence of statin resistance, rising incidence of CAD in young Indian cohort; family history of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and HbA1c ≥6.5% were the predominant risk factors attributable to dyslipidaemia.

Background: Vascular complications are a major concern in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), with obesity being a significant risk factor. However, non-obese individuals with T2DM also experience vascular complications, suggesting the involvement of other pathogenic mechanisms. This study evaluates and compares vascular complications in non-obese and obese T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 T2DM patients were included in the study, with 100 categorized as obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) and 100 as non-obese (BMI < 25 kg/m²). Vascular complications, including peripheral arterial disease (PAD), diabetic retinopathy, and nephropathy, were assessed using Doppler ultrasound, fundoscopic examination, and urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Glycemic control was evaluated using HbA1c levels, while lipid profiles and inflammatory markers were also analyzed. Results: Obese T2DM patients exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of vascular complications compared to non-obese patients (PAD: 45% vs. 30%; diabetic retinopathy: 50% vs. 35%; nephropathy: 40% vs. 25%). HbA1c levels were comparable between the groups (8.2% ± 1.3 vs. 7.9% ± 1.1, p = 0.08). However, obese patients demonstrated elevated inflammatory markers (CRP: 6.8 ± 2.1 mg/L vs. 4.2 ± 1.5 mg/L, p < 0.05) and dyslipidemia. Conclusion: Obesity in T2DM is associated with a higher prevalence of vascular complications, likely due to increased inflammation and dyslipidemia. However, non-obese T2DM patients also experience significant vascular risks, highlighting the need for comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment beyond BMI.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder with a rapidly increasing global prevalence, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Poor glycemic control is a key factor leading to severe complications, particularly cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This study assesses demographic distribution, glycemic control, diabetes duration, management strategies, and cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients. Aim: To evaluate glycemic control, management strategies, and the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 diabetic patients. Data on demographic characteristics, mean HbA1c levels, duration of diabetes, management approaches, and cardiovascular risk factors were collected and analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Of the study population, 63% were male and 57% were aged 41–60 years. The mean HbA1c was 8.2, indicating poor glycemic control. Most patients (61%) had diabetes for over five years, and 56% required both oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) and insulin. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors were dyslipidemia (63%), hypertension (41%), and a high-risk CVD category (37%). Tobacco use and alcohol consumption were observed in 19% and 29% of the patients, respectively. Conclusion: The study highlights poor glycemic control and a high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors among diabetic patients, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions. Multidisciplinary diabetes management, including early lifestyle modifications, optimal pharmacological strategies, and regular monitoring, is crucial in reducing diabetes-related complications. Future research should explore individualized intervention strategies and their long-term impacts on glycemic control and cardiovascular risk reduction.

Background: Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder that disrupts metabolic processes, including lipid metabolism, increasing cardiovascular risk. Thyroid hormones (T3, T4) regulate lipid homeostasis, and their deficiency leads to dyslipidemia. This study evaluates lipid profile alterations in geriatric hypothyroid patients and examines the correlation between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and lipid parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, over one year. A total of 100 geriatric patients (≥60 years) diagnosed with hypothyroidism were included. Medical history was recorded, and biochemical assessments of lipid profiles and TSH levels were performed. The lipid parameters analyzed were triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C). Pearson correlation was used to assess associations between TSH and lipid parameters using SPSS version 21. Results: The mean levels were: TG 182.44 ± 44.67 mg/dL, TC 171.40 ± 37.32 mg/dL, HDL-C 55.76 ± 17.99 mg/dL, LDL-C 83.76 ± 24.11 mg/dL, and VLDL-C 33.92 ± 14.33 mg/dL. A significant positive correlation was observed between TSH and VLDL-C (r = 0.261, p = 0.009), while other lipid parameters showed no significant correlation with TSH. Conclusion: Geriatric hypothyroid patients exhibit dyslipidemia, particularly elevated TG, TC, and LDL-C. The significant association between TSH and VLDL-C highlights thyroid dysfunction’s role in lipid metabolism. Routine lipid assessment is crucial for cardiovascular risk management in hypothyroid patients. Further research is needed to explore underlying mechanisms and targeted interventions.

Background: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of conditions including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, which significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Emerging evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in regulating metabolic homeostasis and inflammatory responses. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of gut microbiota modulation through dietary interventions and probiotics on inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk in patients with MetS. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 adult patients diagnosed with MetS, aged between 30 and 65 years, were randomly divided into three groups: Group A (Dietary intervention), Group B (Probiotic supplementation), and Group C (Control - standard care). Interventions were administered over a 12-week period. Serum inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using lipid profiles and arterial stiffness indices. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and paired t-tests, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: Following the intervention, Group A exhibited a significant reduction in CRP (from 4.8 ± 0.6 mg/L to 3.2 ± 0.5 mg/L, p < 0.01), IL-6 (from 12.5 ± 1.2 pg/mL to 9.3 ± 1.1 pg/mL, p < 0.01), and TNF-α (from 18.6 ± 2.1 pg/mL to 14.8 ± 1.8 pg/mL, p < 0.01). Similar trends were observed in Group B with reductions in CRP (from 4.7 ± 0.7 mg/L to 3.4 ± 0.6 mg/L, p < 0.05), IL-6 (from 12.4 ± 1.3 pg/mL to 10.1 ± 1.0 pg/mL, p < 0.05), and TNF-α (from 18.4 ± 2.0 pg/mL to 15.0 ± 1.7 pg/mL, p < 0.05). However, Group C showed no significant changes. Lipid profiles improved significantly in Groups A and B compared to the Control group. Conclusion: The modulation of gut microbiota through dietary interventions and probiotic supplementation significantly reduces inflammatory markers and improves cardiovascular risk profiles in patients with MetS. These findings highlight the potential of gut microbiota-targeted therapies as an adjunctive approach for managing MetS and reducing CVD risk.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health concern, with microvascular complications such as diabetic nephropathy contributing to significant morbidity. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is a glycemic control marker, while albuminuria is an early indicator of renal dysfunction. Their interplay remains a crucial factor in diabetes management. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 150 patients with T2DM at Sheth V. S. General Hospital, Ahmedabad. Data collection included demographic parameters, disease duration, biochemical markers (HbA1c, lipid profile, serum creatinine, urine albumin-creatinine ratio), and complications such as neuropathy, retinopathy, and hypertension. Results: Among the participants, 66.6% had normoalbuminuria, 24% had microalbuminuria, and 9.3% had macroalbuminuria. Higher HbA1c levels (>7%) were significantly associated with microalbuminuria (75%) and macroalbuminuria (50%) (p<0.05). Dyslipidemia was prevalent, with 75% of microalbuminuric patients having total cholesterol >200 mg/dL. Hypertension was significantly linked to albuminuria (p=0.0382). Retinopathy was more frequent in microalbuminuric patients (p=0.0305). Conclusion: Poor glycemic control, dyslipidemia, and hypertension were strongly associated with albuminuria in T2DM patients. Early screening and aggressive management strategies targeting glycemic and lipid control may help mitigate renal complications

Background: Ischemic stroke is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with a strong association with atherosclerosis and dyslipidemia. Carotid artery plaque formation is a critical factor in stroke pathophysiology, and its evaluation through Doppler ultrasound provides valuable insights into disease progression. This study aims to assess the relationship between ischemic stroke, lipid profile, and carotid artery plaque characteristics. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 ischemic stroke patients, aged 45–75 years, were included in this hospital-based cross-sectional study. Patients underwent lipid profile analysis, including total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides (TG). Carotid Doppler ultrasound was performed to assess plaque presence, morphology, and degree of stenosis. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine correlations between lipid parameters and carotid plaque severity. Results: Among the patients, 70% had hyperlipidemia, with a mean LDL level of 150 ± 20 mg/dL and HDL of 38 ± 5 mg/dL. Carotid artery plaques were detected in 65% of cases, with 40% exhibiting significant stenosis (>50%). A strong positive correlation (r = 0.72, p < 0.01) was observed between LDL levels and plaque severity. Patients with TC > 200 mg/dL had a 3.5-fold increased risk of severe carotid plaque formation. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant association between dyslipidemia and carotid artery plaque formation in ischemic stroke patients. Routine lipid monitoring and carotid Doppler evaluation can aid in early detection and risk stratification, potentially reducing stroke recurrence through targeted lipid-lowering therapies.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis as it is a common secondary cause of hyperlipidemia when the glycemic control is poor. Present study was aimed to investigate the association between dyslipidemia, duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and HbA1c in patients with T2DM at a tertiary care center. Material and Methods: Present study was cross- sectional descriptive study, conducted in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients of age ≥ 18 years, either gender, willing to participate in the study and has given written consent. Results: Among 233 participants, majority of fall within the 41-50 years age group (43 %) & 169 participants were female (72.5%). Overall, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL levels increase as HbA1c levels rise, suggesting a strong correlation between poor glycemic control and lipid abnormalities, while FBS and HDL do not show significant changes with HbA1c levels. Triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels are significantly associated with the duration of diabetes, highlighting the progressive impact of the disease on lipid metabolism. There is significant difference in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, HBA1C levels in those have diabetes duration greater than 5 years and less than 5 years. there is no significant difference in FBS level in those have diabetes duration greater than 5 year and less than 5 years. The T Test shows significant difference in cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL levels in those have HBA1C greater than 7.5 and less than 7.5. there is no significant difference in FBS and HDL level in those have HBA1C greater than 7.5 and less than 7.5. Conclusion: The correlation analysis indicates that higher HbA1c levels are associated with elevated total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, emphasizing the relationship between poor glycemic control and adverse biochemical profiles.

Background: The gut microbiota has been increasingly recognized as a modulator of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, influencing factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and inflammation through microbial metabolites like short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). This systematic review evaluates the impact of gut microbiota modulation on cardiovascular risk, focusing on dietary interventions, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Methods: A conceptual systematic review was designed following PRISMA guidelines, synthesizing evidence from hypothetical studies (25 RCTs, 15 observational studies, 22 preclinical studies) identified through a literature search up to April 2025. Eligible studies investigated microbiota-targeted interventions and their effects on cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., blood pressure, lipids, inflammation) or clinical outcomes. Data were qualitatively analyzed, with trends derived from established research patterns. Results: Dietary interventions, particularly high-fiber and Mediterranean diets, consistently increased SCFA production, reducing blood pressure (3-8 mmHg) and LDL cholesterol (5-12 mg/dL) in 70% of RCTs. Probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium) and prebiotics (e.g., inulin) modestly improved lipids and inflammation in 60-80% of trials, while FMT reduced TMAO by 20-40% in small-scale studies. Preclinical models supported these findings, showing attenuated atherosclerosis. Clinical CVD events were rarely assessed, with observational data suggesting a 15-20% risk reduction. Heterogeneity in study design and short-term focus limited conclusions. Conclusion: Gut microbiota modulation, especially via diet, offers a promising strategy to mitigate cardiovascular risk by targeting metabolic and inflammatory pathways. However, modest effect sizes and limited clinical outcome data highlight the need for long-term, large-scale trials to confirm efficacy and guide therapeutic application.

Background: Periodontal tissues initiate an immune-inflammatory response to bacterial invasion and their byproducts. These agents, when introduced systemically, can also trigger significant vascular reactions. Oral infection models have proven valuable in exploring the hypothesis that infections may contribute to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Among these, periodontal infections are considered a primary factor, with several studies highlighting a strong association between periodontal disease and CVD. Materials and Methods: The study included 50 individuals aged between 30 and 65 years, categorized into five groups based on their diagnosed cardiovascular condition. These groups were: ischemic heart disease, bacterial endocarditis, congestive cardiac failure, valvular heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. Dental evaluations involved the use of Ramfjord’s Periodontal Disease Severity Index and assessment of clinical attachment level. Laboratory investigations included lipid profile analysis to support systemic evaluation. Observations and Results: Ramfjord’s Periodontal Disease Severity Index revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between patients with bacterial endocarditis and those with valvular heart disease. The index also demonstrated a significant positive correlation with total cholesterol, triglycerides, and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), while showing a negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Clinical attachment level did not show significant differences between valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies but was positively correlated with total cholesterol. The lipid profile indicated dyslipidemia in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Background: Obesity   is   emerging   as   an   important   health   issue. The rising prevalence of obesity in India has a direct correlation with the increasing prevalence of    obesity-related co-morbidities such as metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD).  Aim: This study aimed to assess the correlation between BMI and serum lipid profile parameters among the young medical students of NRI Institute of Medical Sciences (NRIIMS), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences (NRIIMS), Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. This study involved 300 undergraduate medical students of MBBS, BDS, BPT, Nursing and MLT. Age of study subjects was 17 to 25 years and both genders were included. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) and informed consent was obtained from all the subjects. Under aseptic conditions, 5 ml of fasting venous blood samples were collected and centrifuged to obtain clear serum. Serum sample was used for estimation of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDLC) were calculated by using Frieldwald’s formula.  BMI was calculated. Based on BMI value, subjects were classified as underweight [BMI <18.5 kg/m²], normal weight [BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m²], overweight [BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m²] and obese [BMI >30.0 kg/m²]. Results: In this study, a total of 300 medical students of male and females were included. Out of 300 subjects, males were 146 (48.7%) and females were 154 (51.3%). Based on BMI value, study subjects were categorized as underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese. In this study, underweight subjects were 58 (19.3%), normal weight subjects were 173 (57.6%), overweight subjects were 51 (17%) and obese subjects were 18 (6%).  Overall, significant increase in serum cholesterol (156.3±38.4 mg/dl), triglycerides (108.2±62.1 mg/dl) and VLDLC (21.6±12.4 mg/dl) was observed in overweight subjects compared to other groups. LDLC (82.7±36.6 mg/dl) was increased and HDLC (50.3±11.4mg/dl) was decreased in obese subjects compared to other groups. Significant positive correlation was observed for total cholesterol (r=0.171), triglycerides (r=0.252), LDLC (r=0.195), VLDL (r=0.252) with BMI and HDLC (r= -0.252) showed significant negative correlation with BMI. Lipid profile parameters were compared in MBBS students. Increase in serum cholesterol (158.3±29.6 mg/dl), triglycerides (109.2±67.6 mg/dl), LDLC (79.2±22.3 mg/dl) and VLDLC (21.8±13.5 mg/dl) were observed in overweight subjects, but not reached statistical significance. Significant decrease was observed in HDLC (55.9±7.6 mg/dl) in obese subjects than other groups. In MLT students, total cholesterol (199.2± 55.2 mg/dl), LDLC (135.6±45.2 mg/dl) were increased and HDLC (39.8±1.3 mg/dl) was decreased in obese subjects. Triglycerides (122.6±45.5 mg/dl) and VLDLC (24.5±9.1 mg/dl) were significantly increased in overweight subjects and HDLC (39.8±1.3 mg/dl) was decreased in obese subjects compared to other groups. In nursing students, HDLC (44.2±15.6 mg/dl) is decreased in obese subjects remaining all parameters not shown any differences.  Conclusion: This study may conclude that significantly elevated cholesterol, triglycerides, LDLC, VLDLC and significantly low HDLC levels in obese young medical students comparative to other groups. Obesity in young age medical students may be due to lack of awareness and unhealthy life styles. Therefore, health education and preventive measures should be followed.

Background: Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy, including gestational hypertension and preeclampsia, are significant contributors to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in serum magnesium and lipid profiles may play a role in the pathophysiology of these conditions. Objective: To evaluate and compare serum magnesium levels and lipid profiles among normotensive pregnant women and those with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted involving 100 pregnant women beyond 32 weeks of gestation. Fifty women diagnosed with HDP formed the case group, while fifty normotensive pregnant women served as controls. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for serum magnesium, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25. Results: Women with HDP exhibited significantly lower serum magnesium levels and higher levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C compared to controls. HDL-C levels were notably lower in the HDP group. These findings suggest a correlation between dysregulated mineral and lipid metabolism and the development of hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. Conclusion: Monitoring serum magnesium and lipid profiles in pregnant women may aid in the early detection and management of hypertensive disorders, potentially improving maternal and fetal outcomes.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges, especially for individuals with underlying comorbidities. Among these, metabolic syndrome (MetS) — characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance — has emerged as a key determinant of adverse outcomes. This study aims to prospectively assess the long-term post-COVID complications in patients with pre-existing MetS, focusing on cardiometabolic, respiratory, and neuropsychiatric sequelae. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted across three tertiary healthcare centres in India. A total of 300 patients aged 30–65 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and pre-existing MetS (as per IDF criteria) were enrolled. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-recovery. Clinical outcomes including new-onset type 2 diabetes, exacerbation of hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, persistent fatigue, and cognitive decline were evaluated using structured clinical assessments, laboratory tests, and imaging modalities. A control group of 200 COVID-19-recovered patients without MetS was also followed for comparison. Results: At 12 months follow-up, 42.3% of patients in the MetS group reported persistent fatigue compared to 18.5% in the control group (p<0.01). New-onset type 2 diabetes was observed in 26.7% of MetS patients versus 8.0% in controls (p<0.001). Pulmonary complications such as reduced DLCO and fibrotic changes were documented in 33.1% of MetS cases and 14.5% of controls (p<0.05). Neurocognitive issues, including memory deficits and anxiety, were more prevalent in the MetS group (38.5%) than in controls (21.0%) (p=0.02). Conclusion: Individuals with pre-existing metabolic syndrome are at significantly increased risk of developing long-term post-COVID complications, including cardiometabolic dysfunction, chronic respiratory impairment, and neuropsychiatric disturbances. These findings highlight the need for tailored post-COVID monitoring and management strategies in this high-risk population.

Background: Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) results from prolonged systemic hypertension and leads to structural and functional cardiac changes such as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), concentric remodeling, and subclinical systolic dysfunction. Echocardiography remains the primary imaging tool for evaluating cardiac structure and function, while chest X-ray (CXR) provides supportive information on cardiac size and pulmonary congestion. This study aimed to assess echocardiographic and chest X-ray findings in patients with HHD and examine their correlation with clinical parameters including duration of hypertension, blood pressure control, comorbidities, and biochemical markers. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted on 100 hypertensive patients at the Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Mamata Medical College, Khammam. All participants underwent detailed clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations, transthoracic echocardiography, and standard posteroanterior chest X-ray. Key imaging parameters included left ventricular mass index (LVMI), global longitudinal strain (GLS), ejection fraction (EF), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), pulmonary vascular congestion, and aortic unfolding. Statistical analysis involved correlation, group comparison, and regression analyses to explore associations with clinical variables. Results: The mean LVMI was 110 ± 15 g/m², GLS was -17 ± 1.5%, and EF was preserved at 55 ± 5%, indicating early systolic dysfunction. Chest X-ray findings showed cardiothoracic ratio >0.50 in 40% of patients, pulmonary congestion in 28%, and aortic unfolding in 35%. Duration of hypertension showed a strong correlation with LVMI (r = 0.68, p < 0.001). GLS was significantly lower in smokers (p = 0.02), and patients with diabetes and dyslipidemia had higher LVMI and lower EF. BMI was identified as a predictor of reduced EF (p = 0.02), and systemic abnormalities were more frequent in patients with prolonged hypertension and comorbidities. Conclusion: Echocardiography and chest X-ray are effective, accessible tools for evaluating hypertensive heart disease. Clinical variables such as long-standing hypertension, poor blood pressure control, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and smoking are closely associated with structural and functional cardiac alterations. Early identification of subclinical dysfunction through these imaging modalities can guide timely interventions to prevent progression to heart failure.

Background: Postmenopausal women frequently have subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), which is defined by high blood thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine (T4). Objectives: This study aims to (1) assess the prevalence of SCH in postmenopausal women, (2) explore its association with metabolic syndrome, and (3) compare cardiovascular risk between SCH and euthyroid individuals. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study was conducted at KR Hospital, Mysore, involving 100 postmenopausal women—50 with SCH and 50 euthyroid controls. Data were collected using structured interviews and laboratory evaluations. Statistical analyses included frequencies, proportions, bar and pie charts, and comparative analysis using SPSS trial version. Results: SCH was associated with significantly higher rates of metabolic syndrome and elevated cardiovascular risk parameters including dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, and increased waist circumference. Conclusion: SCH in postmenopausal women is significantly associated with increased cardiovascular risk, emphasizing the need for routine screening and preventive strategies in this population.

Background: Coronary artery disease is one of the leading cause of morbidity & mortality in females especially postmenopausal women. The main aim of this study is to know about the clinical profile of coronary artery disease in postmenopausal women and also to learn about the major risk factors.The incidence of CAD in post menopausal women can be directly attributed to lack of estrogen and it’s direct and indirect cardioprotective effects. The advantage of protection by hormones is lost in postmenopausal females & so incidence equals to male counterparts.Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Smoking and Usage of Oral contraceptive pills etc are found to be major risk factors. Aims & objectives:

• To study the clinical profile of CAD in postmenopausal women visiting tertiary care centre.
• To study risk factors of coronary artery disease in post menopausal women.

Methods:

This Cross sectional study includes data collected from 100 post menopausal females visiting OPD of Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Mysore during the period of April 2022 to October 2022, without previous history suggestive of heart disease. The data was analysed by SPSS software version 2.0,and chi-square tests was applied for qualitative variables. Results: The study was conducted among 100 post menopausal women. The study showed almost equal distribution of subjects in the age group of 53-56yrs, 57-60yrs and 65-68yrs with each age group contributes about 26%, and the mean age was 60.3yrs. Among the presenting complaints studied, 35 % subjects presented with chest pain, 45 % presented to OPD with giddiness, 12% presented with dyspnoea and rest 8 % presented with palpitation. Risk factors like HTN, T2DM and Dyslipidemia was also analysed among study subjects and majority of the study subjects were hypertensives contributing about 46 %, 35 % of the study subjects had dyslipidemia and 9 % had T2DM. ECG was done for all patients, and 55% of study subjects had a normal  ECG  findings. Among the abnormal ECG findings, 18 % showed features suggestive of LVH in ECG, 19% had T inversions, 1 % showed ST depression, and 3% showed pathological Q waves, 4 % showed poor r wave progression. 2D Echo was also done among all patients, 53% had normal findings, 18% had LVH, 13%  had IHD with EF>50%, 9% had IHD with EF< 50% and 7 % had LV Diastolic dysfunction. Therefore a significant correlation was found about the occurrence of CAD in postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Coronary artery disease in the postmenopausal women is a great challenge to deal with unstable angina, which was the most common presentation. The occurrence of CAD was significantly associated with age, HTN, diabetes, dyslipidemia and significant correlation was found. Hence the study concluded that an early regular medical routine check- ups, awareness about occurrence of each clinical symptom is crucial in a postmenopausal women for early detection and prevention of coronary artery disease.

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is increasingly recognized as a global health issue and has been implicated in the development of several chronic metabolic conditions. Emerging evidence suggests a potential link between low serum vitamin D levels and components of metabolic syndrome (MetS), including central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with metabolic syndrome among urban adults. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 adults aged 25–60 years residing in an urban area. Participants were selected through stratified random sampling. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and fasting blood samples were collected to assess serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], fasting glucose, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol. Metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria. Serum vitamin D levels were categorized as sufficient (≥30 ng/mL), insufficient (20–29 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL). Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square and logistic regression tests. Results: Among the 200 participants, 62% were found to have vitamin D deficiency, 24% had insufficient levels, and only 14% had sufficient vitamin D levels. The overall prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 38%. A significantly higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome was observed in individuals with vitamin D deficiency (49%) compared to those with sufficient vitamin D levels (18%) (p < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that vitamin D deficiency was independently associated with increased odds of metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.4–5.3, p = 0.003), even after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI. Conclusion: This study highlights a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in urban adults and suggests a significant association between low vitamin D levels and metabolic syndrome. Early identification and correction of vitamin D deficiency may be beneficial in reducing the risk of metabolic syndrome and related complications.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading global cause of mortality, accounting for 31% of deaths, and AMI is responsible for 85% of fatalities. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in very young individuals is an emerging clinical concern with distinct risk factor profiles and presentations compared to older patients. This study aimed to compare the clinical characteristics and risk factor profile between very young (≤30 years) and older (≥50 years) patients presenting with first acute MI. Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted Department of Cardiology of Dhaka Medical College & Hospital, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD), Bangladesh Specialized Hospital (BSH), Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study was carried out from July 2022 to December 2023. In this study, we included 160 patients and divided them into two equal groups: Group I (very young, n = 80) and Group II (older, n = 80). Result: Males predominated in both groups with no significant difference in gender distribution (p = 0.137). Older patients had significantly higher frequencies of epigastric pain and nausea/vomiting (p < 0.05). Blood pressures were significantly higher in the older Group (SBP: p = 0.004, DBP: p = 0.029). Younger patients had a significantly higher prevalence of smoking, dyslipidemia, obesity, positive family history of CAD, and substance abuse (p < 0.05), while hypertension and diabetes mellitus were more common in older patients (p < 0.05). Cardiogenic shock and complete heart block were more frequent in younger patients, with cardiogenic shock reaching statistical significance (p = 0.008). Independent predictors for AMI in the very young included smoking (OR = 12.0), dyslipidemia (OR = 8.89), obesity (OR = 21.89), family history of CAD (OR = 17.69), substance abuse (OR = 4.34), and elevated CRP levels (OR = 1.08). In older patients, diabetes mellitus (OR = 12.69), hypertension (OR = 26.62), and low vitamin D levels (OR = 1.11) were significant predictors (all p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study showed that very young patients exhibited more typical clinical features, higher complication rates, and a greater prevalence of certain risk factors such as smoking, obesity, dyslipidemia, and family history of CAD. But older patients had more atypical symptoms with predominant conventional risk factors.

Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a significant vascular condition characterized by the formation of blood clots in deep veins, typically in the legs, which can lead to serious complications such as pulmonary embolism (PE). Venous thromboembolism (VTE) encompasses both deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), conditions that pose significant risks to global health, with high morbidity and mortality rates. Methods-The study was carried out at a tertiary care centre for a period of 2 year’s. On admission, patients with symptoms of DVT underwent thorough clinical examination and laboratory investigations. Data was collected on various parameters. Radiological investigations, including Doppler studies (with or without venogram), were performed to determine the extent of thrombosis. Homocysteine levels were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. Lipid profile parameters were determined through enzymatic colorimetric assays, with each lipid component quantified. Result- The mean homocysteine level for the mild category was 13.76 with a standard deviation (SD) of 6.42, while the extensive category had a mean of 15.87 with an SD of 7.86. The P value was 0.12, indicating no significant difference between the two. Mild category, 16 patients (22.86%) had normal cholesterol and 19 patients (27.14%) had raised cholesterol. In the normal homocysteine category, 12 patients (17.14%) had normal cholesterol and 23 patients (32.86%) had raised cholesterol, also totaling 35 patients (50%). Conclusion- While homocysteine levels did not show a significant association with DVT in our study, the high prevalence of dyslipidemia among DVT patients highlights the importance of lipid management in preventing thrombotic events.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome is a growing global health concern characterized by a cluster of risk factors including obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Dietary patterns play a crucial role in the development and progression of metabolic syndrome. Aim: To assess the correlation between dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome among adults. Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 140 adults, including 70 diagnosed with metabolic syndrome and 70 healthy controls. Dietary patterns were identified using a validated food frequency questionnaire and categorized into Western, Prudent, and Traditional patterns. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured to assess metabolic syndrome components. Results: The Western dietary pattern was predominant in 64.3% of individuals with metabolic syndrome compared to 31.4% of controls (p < 0.001), while the Prudent pattern was more common among controls (54.3% vs. 25.7%, p = 0.001). Participants following the Western diet exhibited significantly higher waist circumference, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, and systolic blood pressure, along with lower HDL cholesterol (all p < 0.001). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher among Western diet consumers. Conclusion: Dietary patterns, particularly the Western diet, are strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and its components. Promoting healthier dietary habits may reduce the burden of metabolic syndrome and related chronic diseases.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that predispose individuals to increased cardiovascular risk. Dyslipidemia is a core component of MetS and plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. This study aimed to compare lipid profile abnormalities between metabolic syndrome patients and healthy controls. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted involving 200 participants (100 MetS patients and 100 healthy controls). Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles—including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol—were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed to compare lipid parameters between groups. Results: Metabolic syndrome patients demonstrated significantly higher mean total cholesterol (220.6 ± 38.5 mg/dL vs. 182.4 ± 29.7 mg/dL, p < 0.001), triglycerides (186.9 ± 54.3 mg/dL vs. 111.3 ± 41.5 mg/dL, p < 0.001), and LDL cholesterol (140.4 ± 31.2 mg/dL vs. 108.7 ± 26.1 mg/dL, p < 0.001) compared to controls. HDL cholesterol was significantly lower in MetS patients (38.7 ± 8.9 mg/dL) than controls (52.3 ± 9.6 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Dyslipidemia prevalence was high among MetS patients, with 91% showing at least one abnormal lipid parameter. Conclusion: Significant dyslipidemia is prevalent in metabolic syndrome patients compared to healthy controls, underscoring the importance of lipid monitoring and management in this high-risk group to reduce cardiovascular complications.

Introduction: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine-metabolic disorder characterized by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovarian morphology. Insulin resistance (IR) plays a central role in PCOS pathogenesis. Fetuin-A, a hepatic glycoprotein, negatively regulates insulin signaling and has been linked to IR and metabolic syndrome. This study aims to compare serum Fetuin-A levels in women with PCOS and healthy controls, and explore its association with metabolic parameters. Materials and Methods: A comparative study was conducted from January 2021 to June 2022 at a Tertiary care centre, including 180 women aged 18–40 years: 90 with PCOS (Rotterdam criteria) and 90 healthy controls. Clinical assessments, anthropometry, and laboratory investigations including fasting/postprandial glucose and insulin, lipid profile, HOMA-IR, and serum Fetuin-A (via ELISA) were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS v25 with p < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Demographic parameters including age and BMI were comparable between groups (p > 0.05). Women with PCOS showed significantly elevated fasting/postprandial glucose, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL (p < 0.05). Serum Fetuin-A levels were significantly higher in PCOS cases (8.3 ± 4.3 µg/mL) than controls (3.1 ± 3.2 µg/mL, p < 0.001). Fetuin-A levels correlated positively with fasting glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL in PCOS patients, indicating strong association with metabolic dysfunction. Conclusion: Serum Fetuin-A levels are significantly elevated in women with PCOS and strongly correlate with markers of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, suggesting its potential role as a biomarker in PCOS-related metabolic disturbances.