European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Introduction: The cerebellar mutism syndrome is a neurological condition which has been seen in children and only rarely described in adults after surgery of the posterior fossa. It usually appears as a consequence of posterior fossa surgery in children with cerebellar or fourth ventricle tumors. Objectives: It is a case report of an adolescent girl from Bangladesh presenting with postoperative cerebellar mutism. Case: The 15-year-old young, student initially presented with headache of raised intracranial pressure due to obstruction. She developed mutism on the second postoperative day following Surgery for astrocytoma of fourth ventricle. By the second and third post- operative day, her responses to query had almost stopped, but to persistent queries she gave a single word response and it was restricted to either ‘yes’ or ‘no’. She remained silent and kept her eyes closed most of the time and cried for any attempts to wake her. She had mood instability with sudden unprovoked laughter followed by cry. She ate what she was fed and did not have any difficulty swallowing. Conclusion: To the authors’ best knowledge, this is first case report of the cerebellar mutism in Bangladesh which would help the clinicians to deal with syndrome

Background: In recent years, there has been a greater emphasis on the epidemiological of mistakes and adverse outcomes rather than on procedures that decrease such incidents. aim of study is to: Assess nurses Knowledge regarding preoperative nursing safety practices for cardiac catheterization patients. Methodology: The descriptive research design was utilized for this study. and the sitting of the study was at AL Hussein teaching hospital in Al muthanna governorate. The subjects of the study consisted of all nurses (30 nurses) working at the above mentioned. The toll of the study included the safety practices in the postoperative phase cardiac catheterization. These were categorized a checklist related to the availability of the equipment and safety items provided for patients at the catheterization unit. This checklist items was checked as being either available (2) ,or (1) not available (0). As regard safety it is a three Likert scale ranged from done completely (2), done incompletely (1), to not done (0). Result: the main results of study reveal that, there was no a highly significant relation between socio-demographic characteristics and nursing safety practices for cardiac catheterization patients at preoperative phase. Conclusion: the studied nurses had no significance in practicing safety practices in cardiac catheterization centers. Educational levels and years of experience had no statistical significant effects on nurses' safety practices. Recommendation: Pre- services on the job training programs are advocated for all nurses about patients' safety in nursing work requirement and utilize the results of the current study to ameliorate& update cardiac catheterization patient’s safety practices with continuing evaluation.

Background: A home-based intervention is a promising approach for early intervention about HAV that aims at improving mothers-child outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of home based intervention on improving mothers' perception about Hepatitis A virus. Methods: Design: A quasi-experimental (pre-post) design was utilized. Subjects: A multi stage random sample of 360 mothers through home visits in Shranees village, Quesna district at Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Instruments: 1) Hepatitis A virus Interview Questionnaire to assess socio- demographic data and mother's perception of hepatitis A virus which included mothers' knowledge about hepatitis A virus and mothers' practices about HAV and 2) Observational checklist to assess home environment and to assess home feeding environment. Results: It was revealed that there was improvement in total knowledge post intervention than pre intervention (14.60±5.53, 10.13±5.50) respectively and there was a change in knowledge in the study group than control group at post intervention (4.48±5.16, 0.17±0.96) respectively. There was improvement in total practice post intervention than pre intervention (3.94±1.17, 2.98 ±1.90) respectively and there was a change in practice in the study group than control group at post intervention (0.97±1.34, 0.13±2.37) respectively. Conclusion: the present study revealed that application of home based intervention proved to be effective in raising the women's perception regarding Hepatitis A. Hence, it can lead to improving knowledge and practice. Recommendations: health educational programs should be launched to nursery workers, school workers and women in rural areas about infectious diseases. Also, it was recommended vaccination against hepatitis A for children at the preschool and school period.

Background: Sudden Cardiac Arrest (SCA) in pregnancy is a particularly challenging clinical condition. Although management and resuscitation of these patients are quite similar to other adult patients except for few modifications because of the changes of pregnancy, but the uniqueness of this situation lays in the fact that here you are dealing with two patients instead of one. Targeted Population: All Pregnancy patients who are requiring urgent management in the ED, with Emergency Physicians for teaching protocol. Aim of the Study: Appropriate knowledge and training for pregnancy patients by teaching protocol to Emergency Physicians.

Background: Blood transfusion is a vital therapeutic approach in modern health care that saves millions of lives, but there is a great challenge to gate sufficient voluntary blood donation in developing country like Ethiopia at the same time pregnancy and child birth related problem, rod traffic accident, malaria-related death is high. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional quantitative study was used from April 27 to May 11, 2018 and data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. A stratified sampling method was used and an individual was selected by simple random sampling within each stratum. EPI data version 3.02 for data entry and SPSS version 16 for analysis was used both bi-variant and multi- variant analysis was computed and significance was declared at AOR<0.05. Result: From the total study participants, 162 (48.5%) had adequate knowledge, 230 (68.9%) of the respondent had favorable attitudes towards blood donation whereas only 85 (25.4%) have ever donated blood in their lifetime.

Worldwide, one in eight deaths is due to cancer. Projections based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates predict a substantive increase new cancer cases per year by 2035 in developing countries if preventive measures are not widely applied. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), millions of lives could be saved each year if countries made use of existing knowledge and the best cost-effective methods to prevent and treat cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study is to estimate a provisional budget against cancer in low and middle incomes countries, according the GNI-PPP, the cancer incidence and the number of population. Economically country classification is determining with the Gross national income (GNI), per capita, Purchasing power parity (PPP), according the administrations of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank (WB) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Cancer incidence data presented are based on the most recent data available at IARC. However, population compares estimates from the US Bureau of the Census. The provisional budget is establishing among the guidelines developed by WHO for regional and national cancer control programs according to national economic development. Provisional budget against cancer is estimated to 42,148.788 (thousands of U.S $) for a population of 11,901,484 persons in Rwanda.

Background: A novel COVID-19 has been recently identified as the severe acute respiratory illness COVID-19 which has accounted for more than 300,000 infected people worldwide. However, the world health organization WHO announced that the disease represents a serious issue to worldwide public health. Aim: The study aims at reviewing and discussing current knowledge on COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia including diagnosis, causes, and methods of controlling coronavirus disease. Method and Design: Pooled design is adopted, and 562 confirmed COVID-19 cases are included in the analysis reported between March 2nd, 2020 to March 23rd, 2020. Results: The result showed that the majority of the identified cases resulted from contact tracing and returning from different countries. The study provides additional evidence for an effective method used by the Saudi Arabia Health Ministry (MOH) to help patients recover from COVID-19. Conclusion: COVID-19 evidence to show several signs and symptoms such as fever, dry cough and respiratory syndrome. However, several methods used in health sector in order to monitor and control the disease.

Background: A home-based intervention is a promising approach for early intervention about HAV that aims at improving mothers-child outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of home based intervention on improving mothers' perception about Hepatitis A virus. Methods: Design: A quasi- experimental (pre-post) design was utilized. Subjects: A multi stage random sample of 360 mothers through home visits in Shranees village, Quesna district at Menoufia Governorate, Egypt. Instruments: 1) Hepatitis A virus Interview Questionnaire to assess socio-demographic data and mother's perception of hepatitis A virus which included mothers' knowledge about hepatitis A virus and mothers' practices about HAV and 2) Observational checklist to assess home environment and to assess home feeding environment

Background: Road traffic accidents are as war on the roads and it takes the lives of approx 1.2 million individuals around the world. It is direct effect of modern day urban civilization. Occupied time between the accident and reaching the hospital is life-threatening and that is a very important gap to provide medical first aid to the victims. In urban life, 75% of thoracic trauma follows blunt injury. Greatest difficulty is faced in their management and long time in diagnosis. Hence, objective of study is to get knowledge of the blunt chest injuries among accident victims travelling in different modes of road transportation. Material and Methods: Data was collected from 100 cases of death by road traffic accident that were brought for medico- legal autopsy at the mortuary of Forensic Medicine Department, Rajrajeshwari Medical College and Hospital Bengaluru, during the period from December 2013 to May 2015

Introduction: Mandible also known as the largest and inferior, primary facial bone of the face giving a curved shape to it. It changes its shape and gives variations to the bony structure of the face from birth till older age. Mental foramen is known as the vintage of the mandible and is an important mark of the face for carrying out many diagnostics and surgical processes along with aesthetic procedures of the face. Thus, the present study is designed with an aim to get insight knowledge of position and shape of mental foramen in dry adult human mandible. Material and Method: Totally, 60 bones were studied in 2 years duration. The study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital over a period of 1 year. The position of mental foramen was studied using an instrument known as digital Vernier Calliper (in mm) while shape was analysed visually. Position of mental foramen was calculated using Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) software. Results: The present study showed that the position of mental foramen from symphysis menti and posterior border of ramus of mandible was more from right side than left side and found to be insignificant while position of mental foramen from inferior border of body of mandible was more from left side than right side and found to be insignificant for right side while significant for left side. The shape of mental foramen from right side was found to be (Oval shape- 68.33% and round shape – 31.66%) while for left side was found to be (Oval shape- 71.66% and round shape – 28.33%). Conclusion: Hence, mental foramen plays a pivotal role in performing major facial surgeries and is an important landmark for several facial procedures performed

: Introduction: The practice of breast feeding in India is influenced by various social, cultural, economic factors and religious beliefs but maternal infant feeding attitude has been shown to be a stronger independent predictor of breast feeding initiation and associated with continuing to be breast feeding longer and have a greater chance of success. The present study was carried out to assess knowledge, attitude and practice of breast feeding among post natal mothers in rural area and to assess the factors affecting breast feeding practices. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was done among 100 postnatal women of rural field practice area (RHTC) of a medical college, Tirupati, to explore the knowledge, attitude and practice of breast feeding and the factors influencing breast feeding practices. Mothers were interviewed using pretested questionnaire at their residence regarding socio demographic data, variables related to medical care during pregnancy, delivery and post natal period, Knowledge on breast feeding, Attitude by IIFA Scale and data related to Practice of breast feeding were collected. Data entered in MS Excel and analysed by using IBM SPSS Version 26. Results: Majority (99%) of women had knowledge that Colostrum maintain immunity, 97% had knowledge that Breast feed can be given up-to 2 years, 94% had knowledge that Wash breast with warm water before feeding. Majority of women had positive attitude towards breast feeding (Mean attitude score was 60.34 (1.98). Majority of women initiate breast feeding after one hour (65%), Only 2% were discarded colostrum, 80% of them were exclusively breastfeed for 6 months or more. Majority of daily wage labourers (33.3%) and Muslim mothers (66.7%) were given pre-lacteal feed compared to other groups. This was statistically significant. Conclusion: The participants have good knowledge and attitudes toward feeding, but their breast feeding practises do not correspond to their knowledge levels, which indicates a need for improvement in the breast feeding instruction and counselling of women

Background: The area near opening of pulmonary veins into the left atrium act as triggering focus of the electrical activity in atrial fibrillation. Selective radiofrequency ablations of these foci are being performed to treat patients with drug resistant atrial fibrillation. So the accurate knowledge about variations of pulmonary veins and their drainage pattern is very important for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in atrial fibrillation. Materials and Method: Fifty formalin fixed adult cadaveric hearts were included in the present cross sectional observational study. The heart were examined for the variations in the number of pulmonary veins (and pulmonary ostia) opens into left atrium through pulmonary ostium and their drainage pattern.

Introduction: Cadaveric dissection remains the most powerful tool to teach and learn anatomy in clinical and surgical specialities. It helps to visualize the structures and their relations in a three dimensional view. This knowledge collected will bring about innovations and strengthen the anatomical basis for clinical and surgical module. Objective: To modify steps of dissection in region of axilla that allows exposure of other contents of axilla more clearly. Material and method: dissection technique was performed on the embalmed cadaver given to first year MBBS students. Result: The students were able to visualize the relations and identify the structures in the axilla better. Conclusion: The application of modified technique helped the students to learn anatomy with more clear understanding and also provides an opportunity to innovate clinical or surgical modules

Background: Breastfeeding is an ancient social custom, an unparalleled and most determinant way of giving ideal and safest food for the optimum development of vulnerable infants which fulfills all nutritional needs. WHO proposes exclusive breastfeeding during the 1st six months and introduction of safe complimentary feeds from 6 months onwards with continuation of breastfeeding till 2years of life. This study intends to give a better understanding of not only breastfeeding behaviors, but also of practices regarding formula feeding in 'upper middle class' population. Aims and Objective: To assess the knowledge, and practices of breastfeeding mothers with Children less than 2 years

Introduction: In India, diabetes is turning into an epidemic as currently, more than 62 million individuals suffer from the disease. To our knowledge, very few studies have evaluated the correlation between lipid profiles and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in newly diagnosed type II diabetes patients with hypertension. The early detection of lipid abnormalities in these patients will help prevent the cardiovascular outcomes

Introduction: Ventilator associated pneumonia is defined as pneumonia occurring more than 48hours after the initiation of endotracheal intubation and the most common nosocomial infection in intensive care unit.VAP is second most common health care associated pneumonia in spite of wide range of preventive measures. Aim: To isolate the bacterial pathogens and their antibiogram of organisms causing VAP. Materials and Methods: Cross sectional descriptive study conducted for a period of 6 months i.e January 2022 - June 2022 in patients admitted in ICUs of King George hospital on ventilator for more than 48 hours. Endotracheal aspirates are collected and transported to department of Microbiology, AMC, Visakhapatnam. Results: From 50 endotracheal samples studied ,15(30%) were culture positive. Among them the most predominant organism is Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5(33.3%) followed by Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus 4 (26.6%), Klebsiella species 3 (20%) and Acinetobacter species 3(20%).Gram negative bacilli were sensitive to Piperacillin – Tazobactam, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, Polymyxin whereas resistant to beta lactams.Gram positive cocci were 100% resistant to Cefoxitin, Oxacillin and sensitive to Linezolid and Vancomycin. Conclusion: Knowledge of incidence of VAP, their causative microbial flora along with their susceptibility pattern help in selection of appropriate antibiotics for therapeutic use and better outcome

Introduction: The current feasibility study is to be analysed for the possibility of establishing a podiatry unit in PMR hospital Hyderabad. This study focuses on the better performance  in means to facilitate the service to the diabetic foot patients. This study is performed with the way of framing close ended questionnaires stating the goal of the study.  Aims: Study also aims to gather opinion of health care staff and patients about need for podiatry services.  Materials and methods: The data gathered with questionnaire is from various participants of sample size approximately 100. Qualitative and quantitative form of analysis are being used in this study. Qualitative analysis is used for purposive sampling and quantitative analysis is used for convenience sampling.  Results: There is statistical significance impact of opinion of patients in the overall experience on foot ulcer treatment towards the overall ease of podiatric equipment availability for the patients for the treatment. Overall experience in management varies high then there is a variation occurring in the other two variables, the seeking support and the availability of podiatry equipment’s.  The significance value in the above regression test, explains about the significance correlation among those variables the preparedness of patients to acquire surgery from same tertiary care centre and overall experience of the patients in management for foot ulcers. Nearly 37% of probability of predictor variable is prevailing to have specific relation on the dependent variable Ease of availability of Prescribed podiatry equipment including removable cast walkers and dressings. Conclusion: The podiatry consists of delivery of services associated to the issues in foot health. The prominent challenge to provide the podiatry-services seems complex and it necessitates on-going variation of role flexibility, knowledge, skills and working practices

Aim & Objectives of the study: The aim of this present study is to compare between laparoscopic and open hernioplasty in noncomplicated ventral hernia regarding operative data, postoperative pain and recurrence rate, intra and postoperative complications, and return to normal activity Materials And Methods Source of data: Patients admitted with ventral hernia during January 2021 to October 2022 at Rama Medical College and Research Institute, Hapur were taken up for study with the help of relevant history, clinical examination and appropriate investigations. Study design: Prospective Study Data Collection: Clinical features, symptomatology, investigations, operative findings, post operative wound complications, and length of hospital stay were analysed using the performa. Conclusion: No one technique is the “best” procedure for all patients. Knowledge of the wide variety of surgical options will be of benefit to all patients. In our study the laparoscopic approach appears to be as effective as open repairs in the treatment of ventral hernias. Advanced surgical skill, laparoscopic experience and high technology are the major factors for successful ventral hernia repair

Background: pregnancy is one of the important times in a woman’s life. Women's bodies become more sensitive to dangerous substances and they may develop different complications, such complications might be to pregnant women or the fetus. Some women don’t have proper knowledge about pregnancy complications or nutritional food products to be taken during pregnancy the main aim of the study is to study ABO blood groups and sociodemographic status in anomalies and normal fetuses in pregnant women. The present study is a cohort study carried out on 180 pregnant women. Among them, group 1 136 were normal pregnant women (without any fetal complications) and group 2 44 were anomaly pregnant women (with fetal complications). In groups, -1 & 2 majorities of the pregnant women were under the age group of 31 – 35 years (45.58%) and 20 – 25 years (27.27%) after comparing both groups – 1& 2 significance was observed at 20 -25 years (p<0.05). in group 1 majority of pregnant women have 1 fetus but in group 2 majority of the pregnant women have 2 fetuses. In comparing the ABO blood group of both groups 1 & 2 there is a significant difference was observed in blood group A and no significance was observed in blood group B, AB & O. as per the education status of a pregnant women in group 1 in education status of a pregnant women majority were upto degree 43.38% and in group 2 majority of pregnant women were not educated (45.45%). Complications observed in group 2 in 44 pregnant women having Hematocolpos 29.54% followed by Hydramnios 22.72%, Oligohydramnios 18.18%, Microcephaly 13.63%, Cleft palate 9.09% and Hygroma colli 6.81 %. Early age Pregnancy, more than 1 fetus, A blood group, no education about taking care during pregnancy and there complications such pregnant women may develop complication in fetus and even death of the fetus can be seen

Introduction: Burst abdomen is considered to be there when intestine or other viscera are seen through the abdominal wound after surgery (general and obstetric surgeries).It can increase the length of hospital stay and result in significant social and economic costs for the patient and health care system. The present study aims at analyzing the incidence, etiological factors and management of this severe post-operative complication experienced by gynaecologists.  Materials and Methods: The present study comprises 25 cases of burst abdomen in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, MKCG Medical College Hospital, Berhampur, Odisha from August 2020 to July 2022. Using a check-list and a questionnaire, the patient’s demographic data, medical history, physical examination findings, laboratory investigation results, surgical procedures, and outcome of the repaired burst abdomen were collected.  Results: In our study period the incidence of burst abdomen was 0.19%. Majority of the cases, both caesarean delivery cases (100%) and gynaecological cases (60%), were emergency cases. The indication of laparotomy being ectopic pregnancy (40%) was the most common in gynaecological cases and the most frequent indication for caesarean delivery leading to burst abdomen was obstructed labor (40%). Obesity was the the most frequent (24%) comorbidity encountered in our setup. Majority of the cases (84%) had transverse incision and only 16% cases had sub-umbilical midline incisions. Layer closure was used in majority (92%) of the cases which led to burst abdomen as compared to mass closure which was seen in 8% of the burst abdomen cases. The majority (72%) of burst abdomen occurred between 6th and 7th post-operative day in our study, with the average mean of 6.72 days.  The post-operatively anemia was seen in 72% of the cases that led to burst abdomen. Operative area infection also seemed to pre-dispose patients to burst abdomen and was seen post-operatively in 36% of the patients.  Conservative treatment (daily saline dressings) was done in no case in our study. Immediate re-suturing of the wound in the operation theatre was done in 22 cases. In majority of cases (56%), secondary closure of burst abdomen was done with non absorbable polypopylene. In present study the range of stay for majority was within 21-35 days and mean duration of stay was 24.52 days. Two cases had burst abdomen recurrence, i.e. 8%. Conclusion: Burst abdomen is one of the serious postoperative complications faced by surgeons and is of greatest concern because of risk of evisceration, the need for immediate intervention and the possibility of repeat dehiscence. It poses tremendous impact on quality of life, health care cost for patients, their families and hospitals by requiring re-operations, need for antibiotics and prolonging hospital stay. Knowledge of the more common mechanisms and how to avoid or overcome these hazards should help to reduce the incidence of this dangerous complication such as maintaining asepsis, avoiding preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative precipitating factors of burst abdomen and providing good antibiotic coverage.

Background: Woman oriented contraceptives have gained acceptance compared to male contraceptives. Vasectomy was introduced in India in 1992 to increase male participation in family planning. However, despite being a safe and simple method, it is rarely accepted as a method of contraception. Aims And Objectives: To assess the attitude of men towards No Scalpel Vasectomy (NSV). To study the reasons for low acceptance of NSV among husbands of women who underwent permanent methods of contraception. Materials And Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire based survey was conducted at Government Medical College, Thrissur from November 1st 2022 to January 31st 2023. Healthy male attendants of 150 women who underwent permanent methods of contraception in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, were included. Socio demographic data, knowledge about NSV and reasons for its low acceptance was collected using a self-made validated questionnaire. Results: In our study, majority (85.3%) of the participants were aware that NSV is a permanent method. 58.8% of the subjects knew that NSV has a high success rate. 55% believed that NSV required prolonged rest and affect sexual function. 54% perceived socio cultural barriers as reasons for low acceptance. 80.8% had procedure related misconceptions. Fear about procedure related pain and complications was seen in 44.1%. Conclusion: Though, a large majority of the spouses of women who underwent sterilisation, were aware of NSV, misconceptions regarding the procedure was common. Health education and counselling are needed to bring about a change in this attitude.

Biomedical Waste Disposal has become a subject of great concern in the modern health care system. It is vital in maintaining public health and preventing transmission of certain infectious diseases. Knowledge and attitudes towards safe disposal of biomedical waste is key to the successful implementation of the program particularly in the health care facilities. 200 health care professionals interviewed to understand the ground realities of their knowledge and attitudes. While all of them agreed to the fact that knowledge about Biomedical Waste disposal is essential, only 55% have the knowledge of color coding. 74% have knowledge of segregation and 86% use protective gear while segregating. 99% have favorable attitude score. Knowledge among the medical personnel is high whereas the same among the house keeping staff is low. The need for providing continuous education and monitoring its implementation and strict law enforcement are some of the suggestions made to achieve a complete and meaningful Biomedical Waste Management. 

Background: Identifying the women who are likely to miss receiving complete ANC care during their pregnancy and understanding the causal factors is essential towards the development of effective and targeted public health interventions. Objectives: To assess the sociodemographic profile and the factors influencing the utilisation of antenatal services among pregnant women in rural Coimbatore. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among antenatal women residing in the field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre using multi-stage sampling method from June 2021 to May 2022 (one year) in the Rural Field Practice Area of a Medical College in Coimbatore district using pre-tested, validated, semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Majority (55.2%) of the participants were aged between 18-25 years. Only 10% of the women were currently employed. Tests of association showed that sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with ANC utilization (p<0.05). Among the study participants, 80.4% utilized the services completely (ANC visit to healthcare facility, consumption of IFA tablets, Td vaccination, basic blood, and urine investigations and ultrasonogram); 19.6% had incomplete ANC care and none had “No ANC”. Conclusion: The overall high ANC utilisation in the study area could be attributed to the favourable knowledge, attitude, and practice of the antenatal women towards maternal and child health as a result of high literacy rate, ongoing IEC and health promotional activities. Attention should be given to regular and sustained contact between healthcare workers and antenatal mothers especially through home visits to develop mutual confidence in preparing them for pregnancy, childbirth, and care beyond.

Background: In diabetic foot, in case of lacerated wound in lower leg or in case of non healing ulcers in distal part of lower extremity it is very difficult to fill the wound gap. It is because of the area around malleolus and foot, the skin is very tight. Moreover, in between the bones and the skin mainly we are getting muscle tendons without any proper fleshy muscle bulk. so muscular flaps are less available to cover the wound. So based on fascio cutaneous or cutaneous flap generally the repairs were done in the region of lower third of leg. Perforator branches from Posterior tibial artery are the preferred solution in these cases to construct a proper flap. so we have tried to find out details of the perforator arteries based on posterior tibial artery in a cadaveric study. Materials and method: In a dissection based study we have dissected both of the lower limbs of total 10 cadavers. So total samples were 20 posterior tibial artery and their perforators in lower third of leg. Among them 8 were male and 2 were female. All of them were adult cadavers which were properly embalmed. It is a cross sectional study, where we had dissected a cadaver once and collected all of the data once. Result: Out of 20 samples from 10 cadavers, we got among 16 samples, 80% of the fascio cutaneous perforators were Bilateral symmetrical regarding their number and position. Most of the perforators are present within 7-10 cm distance from medial malleolus. Number of perforators in each leg were 3-5. Conclusion: posterior tibial artery perforator based flaps are of high Success rate if we exclude the risk factors. So with proper knowledge of perforators from PTA would help the surgoens to properly care the wounds around ankle and foot. There is probability of racial variation on which more extensive researches are needed.

Introduction: Hospital waste is “Any waste which is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in research” in a hospital. “Hospital waste is a special type of waste produced in small quantities carrying a high potential of infection and injury and high potential to transmit infection to others. There are serious health effects from public health standpoint if hospital waste is not handled properly. Usually, the terms medical waste, hospital waste, infectious, and regulated medical wastes are often used interchangeably with medical wastes since there is no universally accepted definition for these terms.  Material and Methods: This is a Facility based cross-sectional study conducted at Health care facilities at various levels in Ganjam district.  In each health care facility, the medical officer, the pharmacist, the staff nurse and attendant comprised our study population. Those health care providers who gave consent to participate in the study. Using the observation checklist, the facilities were observed for infrastructure, logistics and practice of the stake holders. Then, the respondents were interviewed using the structured questionnaire for knowledge. A value of 1 and 0 was assigned for correct and incorrect practices respectively. For knowledge a value of 1 and 0 was assigned for correct and incorrect responses respectively. The total knowledge and practice score for each facility was calculated and then mean score was calculated. They were asked for their valuable feedback. Finally, they were thanked for their valuable support. Results: Only 12 (46.1%) of the doctors agreed that their facilities generate biomedical wastes, 15 (57.7%) of the doctors had opined that biomedical wastes associate with health hazard, 17 (65.4%) of the doctors were concerned regarding needle stick injury, 15 (57.7%) doctors believed wearing PPE reduces infection.  Color coding of the waste segregation could be answered by 17 (65.4%) doctors, 13 (50%) of the doctors agreed that the BMW containers need to be labelled and 16 (61.5%) doctors agreed that the wastes need to be segregated at point of generation. Regarding color coded bins, 19 (73.1%) doctors practiced putting wastes in color coded bins. 20 (76.9%) doctors had the practice of displaying segregation instructions at their work place.  16 (61.5%) doctors were properly segregating wastes and aided in its proper transport. 18 (69.2%) doctors were not in practice of getting dustbins filled more than 3/4th. Conclusion: Findings from our study reveal that though the participants in our study have a fair knowledge regarding biomedical waste management still there is a lot of scope in not only improving the knowledge but also in changing the attitude and inculcating more rational practices towards the same. Majority of attendants had poor knowledge and practice regarding BMWM. Thus, there has to be a regular training programmes on biomedical waste management and its hazards for all the healthcare workers including group D workers. Along with educational intervention, strict implementation of biomedical waste management guidelines with its monitoring at all levels is also very much essential.

Background: Birth asphyxia is defined by the occurrence of hypoxia, hypercapnia, and acidosis, resulting in systemic disruptions, potentially including electrolyte imbalances, in newborn infants. The acquisition of knowledge pertaining to electrolyte disturbances is of significant worth, as it serves as a crucial determinant impacting perinatal morbidity, mortality, and the subsequent course of treatment. Material and Methods: The study described herein is a one-year prospective case-control investigation that took place within the Department of Pediatrics located in central India. A total of 80 newborns, consisting of 40 in the study group and 40 in the control group, were included in the study.The diagnosis of birth asphyxia was determined through the utilization of the APGAR score, while the diagnosis of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy was established by employing the SARNAT staging system.The renal parameters, including serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum electrolytes from blood samples, and urine sodium and urine potassium from urine samples, were assessed in all the newborns. Results: Total 80 newborns out of which 40 were included in study group and 40 were included in control group. Out of 40 asphyxiated newborn 25(62.5%) were males and 15(37.5%) female. So there was higher incidence seen in the male babies. The BUN levels were 28+8.98 in the asphyxiated newborns as compared to controls who had BUN level was 20.3+2.65 and it was statistically significant. BUN level was higher among cases as compared to control and it was statistically significant.The mean serum creatinine levels were 1.7+0.29 in case group and 1.12+0.4 in control and it was statistically significant difference between both the groups. Conclusion: Perinatal asphyxia is an important cause of neonatal renal failure. Monitoring of blood levels of urea, serum creatinine, serum calcium and urine output helps in the early diagnosis and management of renal failure in birth asphyxia. Serum electrolytes levels and renal parameters had a linear correlation with severity of birth asphyxia.

The sciatic nerve block is frequently used for anaesthesia or analgesia when performing procedures on the lower limb. The nerve can be blocked at any point along its course within the lower limb, provided there is sufficient ultrasound images to guide this procedure. Although the sciatic nerve has the largest cross-sectional diameter in the human body, its ultrasonography imaging can, however, not be easy to interpret. Imaging of the sciatic nerve can be challenging for a number of reasons. The sciatic nerve is constantly involved in the daily medical practices of anaesthesia, neurology, orthopaedics, and rehabilitative medicine. Materials and Methods: This is a Prospective, observational study and Conventional Routine dissection method carried out among 800 Embalmed human adult cadavers lower limb specimens. Adult lower limb specimens were obtained from the embalmed cadavers allotted for routine dissection to the first year MBBS students at the Department of Anatomy, Index Medical college. Both right and left lower limbs were used from all 300 cadavers. Therefore, every right lower limb has a corresponding left lower limb. Specimens where damage to piriformis or the sciatic nerve observed was excluded. Sciatic nerve was dissected as per the dissection steps given in Cunningham’s textbook of anatomy. The iliac crest was traced forwards upto the anterior superior iliac spine and backwards to the posterior superior iliac spine. Results: The minimum length of Sciatic nerve was 18.7 cm, the maximum length of Sciatic nerve was 22.5 cm and the mean length was 20.5 cm. The width of Sciatic nerve was measured using standard Vernier calipers, the results are given in millimetres. In the present study the maximum width just below the piriformis was 22 mm and the minimum width was 18 mm with an average of 20 mm. In the present study maximum width of Sciatic nerve between the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity was 9.9 mm and the minimum width was observed to be 7.9 mm, and the average width was 8.9 mm. In the present study the mean distance between the lateral border of Sacro tuberous ligament and the medial margin of Sciatic nerve was measured and found to be 16.28 mm on the right side and 15.24 mm on the left side. Conclusion: Variations in the terminal division of Sciatic nerve at different level is challenging for the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in many clinical and surgical cases. Anatomical variations require knowledge in nerve grafting for the surgical procedures of the gluteal and popliteal region. Knowledge of the unusual trunk of Sciatic nerve in the present study enables the surgeons to find and preserve the nerve during, fasciotomy, neurolysis, neuroma resection, or bony or soft tissue reconstruction.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare worker’s life risk percentage is higher than the ratio of benefits they provide in the health crisis situations during this pandemic period, Even though they are the vitals for the functioning of the health systems during any health crisis. The findings from this study will help authorities to deliver the imperative educational programs in order to bring forth up-to-date information and to flourish the best practices in controlling and preventing Corona virus. The objective is to assess and analysis the knowledge and awareness about the COVID-19 virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Structured questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire consisted of details regarding the socio-demographic details and 30 questions pertaining to the knowledge and awareness on protection, prevention and infection control measures of Corona virus disease. RESULTS: It was found out that adequacy of knowledge and awareness on COVID 19, was only 55.1% among participants. On binominal logistic regression analysis, it was found that age and profession were found to have statistically significant association with knowledge and awareness.  CONCLUSION: Spreading the knowledge and preventive measures of COVID -19 among health care professionals will play a major role in preventing further outbreaks. As WHO says “Keep yourself and others safe: Do it all!” it’s a sole responsibilities of every health care workers to follow the protocol and preventive measures at any cost. In addition regular hospital infection training sessions to be given for health care workers to follow universal standard precautions

Hand grip strength could be an inexpensive tool for predicting likelihood of occurrence of diabetes mellitus. National non-communicable disease programme should include exercise routines for improving muscle strength and further large- scale studies needs to be taken up for the causality of handgrip strength on the risk of pre-diabetes.

Cardio pulmonary resuscitation has been one of the most performed life-saving interventions in any acute care setting across the globe. However, CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) itself has been known to cause serious thoracic and intra-abdominal complications. The aim of this manuscriptis to describe the clinical presentation, diagnostic challenge we faced, highlight the potential of missing the diagnosis if not looked in to specifically, and outcome of a patient who developed intra-abdominal bleeding after CPR. We performed a literature search and found only scanty number of cases of intra-abdominal haemorrhage after CPR reported and none from India to our knowledge. There is no study found on this especially in the kyphoscoliosis patient.

Our main finding was that we noticed severe pallor, increasing perihepatic ascites on USG after return of spontaneous circulation with noticeable fall in Haemoglobin trend in a previously normal USG scan of the abdomen.

Our manuscript highlights the importance of recognizing intra-abdominal bleeding as a potential complication of CPR. Our case illustrates the need for a high index of suspicion, prompt imaging, and aggressive management of this life-threatening condition.

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) poses a significant global health challenge, particularly affecting the elderly population. This study aims to investigate the socio-demographic aspects of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in elderly patients aged 75 years and above in the eastern region of India, specifically in Odisha. Methodology: The prospective observational study was conducted at the Outpatient Department (OPD) of VIMSAR Medical College and Hospital, Sambalpur, Odisha. A total of 182 consecutive patients aged over 75 years and diagnosed with ACS underwent routine coronary angiography/percutaneous coronary intervention. The study focused on documenting demographic and angiographic profiles, as well as the distribution of various coronary artery disease risk factors. Results: Male patients constituted the majority of the population, comprising more than two-thirds of the total. The average age of enrolled patients was 81.02 ± 3.35 years. Geographically, the majority of patients were from the district of Sambalpur (41.2%), followed by Sundargarh (26.9%), Debagarh (17.6%), and Bargarh (11.5%). The incidence of CAD was higher in urban/semiurban areas compared to rural areas. Smoking showed a significant association with the diagnosis of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Discussion: The study sheds light on regional variations in the socio-demographic profile of elderly patients with ACS in Odisha. The observed higher incidence in urban/semiurban areas emphasizes the impact of lifestyle on cardiovascular health. The significant association of smoking with STEMI aligns with broader literature, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Conclusion: The study provides essential insights into the socio-demographic factors associated with ACS in the elderly population of Odisha. Tailored interventions and public health strategies informed by these findings have the potential to reduce the burden of CAD in this vulnerable demographic. The study addresses a critical knowledge gap, contributing to the holistic management of CAD in the specific context of Odisha.

Background: The placenta is arguably one of the most important organs in the body. It influences not just the health of a woman and her foetus during pregnancy, but also the lifelong health of both mother and child. Despite its importance, we know little about this critical but temporary organ. The placenta has evolved to support the development of the embryo and foetus during the different intrauterine periods of life. By necessity, its development must precede that of the embryo. There is now evidence that during embryogenesis and organogenesis, the development of the human placenta is supported by histotrophic nutrition secreted from endometrial glands rather than maternal blood. These secretions provide a plentiful supply of glucose, lipids, glycoproteins, and growth factors that stimulate rapid proliferation and differentiation of the villous trophoblast. The present study conducted to observe any gross morphological change in placenta of normal individuals in North Karnataka region. Materials & Methods: 50 placentas were carried in multiple medical institutions in Karnataka, which were collected from labor room and operation theaters of connected Hospitals, washed under tap water and blot dried. Weight of placenta was recorded by weighing machine. Maximum diameter was measured, radius of placenta was obtained, and surface area was calculated using the formula. Cord attachments were also observed. Results: Out of 50 placentas 86% of placenta were circular and 14% were oval. Diameter was <15cms in 12%, 16- 20 cms in 68%, > 21cms in 20%. Surface area was 100- 200 cms2 in 16%, 201- 300 cms2 in 60%, 301- 400 cms2 in 20%, > 401 cms2 in 4%. Placental weight was between 300- 400gms in 14%, 401- 500gms in 58% and > 501gms in 28%. Umbilical cord insertion on fetal surface was found to be central - 60%, Paracentral -18% and Peripheral- 22%. The average diameter was 22.86+4.2, the average surface 316.52+76.42 and the average placental weight was 512.86+42.36. Conclusion: The present study parameters and an adequate knowledge of the morphometric analysis of the placenta with its clinical relevance proves to be useful in the early assessment of placental sufficiency and also the state of the fetal wellbeing. In mothers who have had no previous antenatal checkup, a thorough examination of the placenta helps in the early diagnosis of the fetal complications, soon after parturition and thus helps in the early treatment of the baby by neonatologists.

Introduction: UTI is a prevalent condition that affects approximately 40% of the adult population. Clinical Syndrome may be characterized as Asymptomatic Bacteriuria, Uncomplicated Cystitis, Pyelonephritis, Prostatitis, or complicated UTI. The goals of treatment of urinary tract infection are to eliminate the pathogen, to prevent Urosepsis, and to reduce the risk of renal scarring. Objective: To study the culture and sensitivity patterns of urinary tract infections in asymptomatic patients in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: A total of 120 samples were collected from January to June 2023. Identification was conducted by conventional biochemical tests. Antibiotic sensitivity test was analysed by disc diffusion method using different antibiotics and their zone of inhibition was measured. Results: Out of 120 subjects enrolled, 67 were males and 53 females The most common urinary pathogen isolated was E. Coli (64%) sensitive most often (82% sensitivity) to Amikacin. Overall sensitivity of different urinary isolates to amikacin was highest (82%).  Conclusion: Epidemiology and resistance patterns of bacterial pathogens in pediatrics urinary tract infection show large interregional variability, and rates of bacterial resistances are changing due to different antibiotic treatment. Knowledge of spectrum of pathogens and their patterns of drug resistance is indispensable for the empirical section of an effective therapeutic agent prior to availability of culture result.

Background: Menstrual hygiene is a crucial aspect of adolescent health, impacting the well-being and dignity of school girls. In central Haryana, where a significant population of adolescent girls resides, there is a need to understand the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of school girls regarding menstrual hygiene. This study, conducted among 200 adolescent school girls, aims to fill this gap by assessing these factors and providing insights for targeted interventions. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 adolescent school girls aged 10-18 in central Haryana from 2020 to 2021. A self-designed questionnaire was administered to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to menstrual hygiene. SPSS version 24 was used for data analysis, employing the Chi-square test to identify associations between variables. Results: The study revealed that, among the 200 adolescent school girls in central Haryana, 68.3% considered menstruation a normal process, while 46.7% had good knowledge scores. However, concerning percentages, 30.8% were uncertain about menstrual blood hygiene, and 53.3% were categorized as having poor knowledge. Addressing these knowledge gaps is crucial for promoting menstrual hygiene and the well-being of school girls in the region. Conclusions: The findings emphasize the importance of addressing the knowledge gaps and misconceptions surrounding menstrual hygiene among school girls in central Haryana, where this study involved 200 adolescent participants. Targeted educational programs involving mothers and teachers as key influencers are essential to improving girls understanding and promoting better menstrual hygiene practices. This research serves as a foundation for empowering school girls with knowledge and promoting their overall well-being.

The escalating prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) globally necessitates a deeper understanding of its complex metabolic interactions, particularly concerning homocysteine, a known cardiovascular risk marker. This study aims to elucidate the role of homocysteine in the management of hyperglycemia in T2DM patients. Conducted as a cross-sectional study at Osmania Hospital, Hyderabad, India, it involved 30 T2DM patients without prior cardiovascular disease (CVD) complications and 30 age and sex-matched controls. Participants were subjected to comprehensive blood analyses to measure homocysteine, HbA1C, fasting, and post-lunch blood sugar levels. The study employed an independent sample t-test to determine significant differences in these biochemical parameters between T2DM patients and controls, with a significance threshold set at <0.05 and <0.001. Additionally, Pearson Correlation tests were applied to assess the relationship between homocysteine levels and the glycemic profile of the participants. The findings of this study are pivotal in understanding the interplay between homocysteine and hyperglycemia in T2DM. They offer insights into the potential role of homocysteine in T2DM management and its implications for cardiovascular risk in these patients. The results are expected to contribute to the evolving landscape of T2DM management, highlighting the importance of considering homocysteine levels in the holistic care and treatment strategies for T2DM patients. This study not only adds to the existing body of knowledge but also opens avenues for future research in this domain, particularly in developing targeted interventions for better management of T2DM and associated risks.

Background: Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome is a rare condition resulting from brain injury due to a multitude of causes; especially in early life. Characteristics include cerebral hemiatrophy/hypoplasia, contralateral hemiparesis, seizures, and compensatory osseous hypertrophy. Case presentation: We present a case of a 14-year-old girl who initially presented with left sided hemiparesis. Computed tomography (CT) showed evidence of right cerebral atrophy. Workup for paediatric stroke was negative. Upon further evaluation by Neuroradiology, features suggesting Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome were confirmed. Patient has been under Neurology follow up since. Conclusions: Due to its rarity, Dyke-Davidoff-Masson syndrome may easily be missed by the majority of treating clinicians. Knowledge of its features on imaging enables timely and accurate diagnosis – allowing appropriate management.

Context: Our aim was to study the haemodynamic response to endotracheal intubation through Linscope and compare it to the hemodynamic response to intubation with Kingvision video laryngoscope. The Kingvision has demonstrated promise in a number of settings while Linscope video laryngoscope is a newly launched device and no literature is available to the best of our knowledge. Aims: We aimed to compare the Linscope video laryngoscope with Kingvision video laryngoscope for haemodynamic response. Settings and Design: A Randomized Controlled Study. Methods and Material: Seventy patients after approval from Board of Study and ethical clearance divided into 2 groups. In Group A patient were intubated with Linscope videolayngoscope and in Group B patient were intubated with Kingvision videolaryngoscope as per the protocol. Hemodynamic parameters, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded before and after induction of anesthesia and every minute up to 5 min after intubation. Results: Patients of Group A recorded a minimal rise in peak mean arterial blood pressure. In comparison patients of Group B recorded a significant sustained rise in mean arterial blood pressure The insertion of endotracheal tube through kingvision video laryngoscope assembly precipitated a rise in mean arterial blood pressure. However,this rise was not statistically significant when compared with baseline value. The increase in heart rate changes were recorded in both the groups, of which immediate post intubation Group B showed significant rise but overall, the rise was not significant. Conclusion: We conclude that intubation through Linscope generates a lower pressor response  to intubation in comparison to intubation using Kingvision video laryngoscope 

Background: The objective of this anatomical study was to perform the morphometry of dried lumbar vertebrae in human cadavers. The vertebral column is composed of Vertebrae and intervertebral discs. It stretches right from the skull extending upto coccyx. It is comprised of cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral class. Major functions of the vertebra include spinal cord protection, protection of spinal nerves branching, thorax and abdominal support and allow flexibility. At the same time, it also permits mobility of the body. Role of the intervertebral discs includes mobility without surrendering the supportive power of the vertebra. Since the surgical techniques of the vertebral column involve the utilization of bony anatomical landmarks, the morphometric data of the various parts of the vertebrae are essential. The accurate anatomical dimensional knowledge is important to understand the etiopathogenesis of the lower backache. Materials and Methods: This was an observational study on 47 dry macerated adult human lumbar vertebral sets. All sets were taken from Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Ongole, Prakasam. An Institutional Ethics Committee approval as well as prior permission of the concerned authorities were obtained. It was ensured that all selected vertebrae were apparently normal, fully ossified without any congenital or degenerative. Each vertebra was marked for both segments (body and arch) followed by measurements. Linear measurements were done by ‘Digital Vernier Caliper’ with precision 0.01mm and ‘Digital Planimeter’. Various parameters of body measured. All the measurements were taken twice on both right and left side with the help of sliding vernier caliper, Result: The pedicle height of the lumbar vertebrae on right side ranged from 22.07 mm to 12.38 mm with mean 15.89 ± 3.09mm. However, mean of the pedicle height on left side was estimated to be 15.75± 3.08 mm with range falling between 22.03mm (maximum) - 12.28 mm (minimum). The total average of pedicular height ranged from 22.05 mm to 12.33 mm with a mean of 15.83 ±4.09 mm. These observations were statistically significant with p value of 0.031. The observations summarized that pedicle width of lumbar vertebrae on right side ranged from 19.75 to 7.44 mm with a mean of 12.9 ± 3.79 mm. However, the pedicular width on left side ranged from 19.61 to 7.43 mm with mean of 11.83 and ± 3.63 mm with statistically significant p-value of 0.043. The total average width of pedicle ranged from 19.9 to 7.43 mm with mean of 12.38 ±3.71mm (Table 4).Conclusion: The study reported significant differences in several dimensions of pedicles of typical as well as atypical lumbar vertebrae. These differences should be considered by neurosurgeons.

Conclusion: We have to educate our patients and bring awareness regarding DR. Only if they know more about the disease and its eye complications their attitude will change and they will start good practice

Conclusion: The present study results may helpful to add knowledge about relation between, BMI, WHR and Handgrip endurance. This may give supportive knowledge to sports physician in their practice.

Background: Knowledge concerning the various anomalies of aortic arch derivatives is important to the clinician, radiologist and surgeon. This knowledge aids in evaluating the finding in cases in which symptoms may result from the vascular anomalies. Aim: to study the branching pattern of aortic arch and its clinical importance Materials and Methods: A total of 50 dead foetuses (Male-30; Females-20) collected from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and 10 adult cadavers (Male-7; Female-3) from the Department of Anatomy, Kurnool was utilized for the present study. The mediastinum was opened, and the branching pattern of the arch of aorta was observed Results: The present study is carried out on 60 specimens of 50 dead fetuses (Male-33; Female-17) and 10 cadavers (Male-7; Female-3). The normal branching pattern (Type-I) of Arch of Aorta was observed in 47 (78.3%) and the most common variation of a common stem for the brachiocephalic trunk and left common carotid artery (Type-II) observed in 8 (13.3%) specimens. The left vertebral artery arose directly from the Arch of the Aorta (Type-III) with an incidence of 4 (6.6%) and one specimen (1.7%) has a common stem (Type-IX) for the left common carotid and left subclavian artery was noted in the present study. Conclusion: The present study could be of valuable information to radiologists and surgeons. Further studies on the Aortic Arch and its branches in live individuals will enable us to design stents

Background:  Supratrochlear foramen (STF) is an important variation in the lower end of humerus which has been neglected and the knowledge of the presence of Supratrochlear foramen in a humerus may be important for preoperative planning for treatment of supracondylar fractures. Anatomical knowledge of STF is important for discerning normal from various pathological conditions of lower end of humerus in various disciplines of medicine like orthopaedics, radiology and paediatrics etc. The present study was done on a total of 400 dried adult humerii (200 right &200 left) from the bone bank of department of anatomy, rangaraya medical college, Kakinada, East Godavari.The presence of supra trochlear foramen and its various shapes was observed.Out of 400 humeriisupra trochlear foramen was seen in 124 humerii (63right & 61 left).Incidence of STF wasmore on right side. Oval shape was most common

Most common urinary tract complications were found to be cystitis and pyelonephritis (31%). E. Coli was isolated in highest no. of cases (33%) followed by Klebsiella (25%). Amp-ampicillin, Nal-nalidixic acid, Nitro- nitrofurantoin, Cip-ciprofloxacin, Ctx-cotrimoxazole, Nor-norfloxacin, Gen-gentamicin, Cefo-cefotaxime, Ami-amikasin. Nitrofurantoin and Amikasin are found to be having highest sensitivity among the antibiotic tested and cefotaxime and cotrimoxazole having least sensitivity. CONCLUSION Abdominal imaging is recommended as a screening in a patient with diabetes mellitus presenting with systemic signs of diabetes. The fact that antibiotic sensitivity changes with time; therefore, knowledge of bacteria involved and their current sensitivity pattern will help us not only providing best initial empirical therapy but also preventing long term morbidity

ntroduction: Women seek abortions for a number of reasons, including birth control. An unintended pregnancy puts a woman at danger; if she wants an abortion, safe services are not readily available to her. In India, septic abortion is largely caused by a lack 
of knowledge about the MTP Act and contraception, as well as a shortage of medical professionals with the necessary training. The purpose of the current study was to assess  people's knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours about septic abortion and the factors that are related to it. Materials and Methods:Through straightforward randomization, a total of 100 individuals who had septic abortions were chosen to be a part of the research. Interviews were used to learn more about these cases' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours about septic abortion as well as other relevant aspects. The findings were examined and statistically examined. Result: Of the 100 instances examined, 46% of the participants lacked awareness regarding contraceptive devices. Compared to women living in towns, rural women knew less about contraception. The majority of cases learned about contraception from the media and medical professionals, such as radio (22.22%), PHC (22.22%), television (18.52%), and ASHA/ANM (18.52%). Women in urban areas were more knowledgeable with the MPT Act than those in rural areas, and 52% of abortions were performed by dais. Of the 100 instances that were examined, 60 cases (or 60%) involved the use of instruments to achieve a septic abortion.Conclusion:The current study demonstrates that a major contributing factor to the high rate of septic abortion in India is the lack of awareness among rural women 
on contraception and the MTP Act, as well as the abortions performed by unskilled individuals such as dais, quacks, and local practitioners. Therefore, in order to provide comprehensive and safe abortion services as well as higher quality abortion services, the health system must be strengthened.

Background: AIM- To assess the awareness and knowledge of glaucoma among health workers in subbaiah medical College, Shivamogga. Methods: A Hospital based cross-sectional observational study will be conducted among health care workers in the month of December 2023 to January 2024, using a structured questionnaire.This study will include health care professionals -- clinicians(excluding ophthalmologists), non- clinical doctors, paramedical staff and group D workers. The questionnaire will cover various aspects of glaucoma knowledge and self-practice. Data will be recorded in the form of "Google forms". The recorded data will be analysed using descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square test. Results: A minimum of 150 participants will be enrolled for the study. The demographic data will be collected and categorised among the subjects. Age of more than 20 years will be included in the study. Awareness and knowledge of the subjects with and without glaucoma will be assessed. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, we would understand the position of awareness and knowledge of glaucoma in subbaiah medical College, Shivamogga. Based on these findings, we can conduct awareness programs and improve the knowledge of glaucoma among health care professionals

Background: The mental foramen is an important anatomical feature that is essential for executing several surgical operations and delivering local anesthetics during oral and maxillofacial surgeries. A comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy in this region is crucial for conducting efficient nerve blocks and preventing any harm to the neurovascular bundles. Therefore, our objective is to investigate the precise anatomical position, dimensions, and morphology of the mental foramen in the mandible among the people of Bihar. Additionally, we will compare our findings with those of previous studies. The mental foramen is an important anatomical feature that is essential for executing several surgical operations and delivering local anesthetics during oral and maxillofacial surgeries. Comprehensive knowledge of the anatomy in this region is crucial for administering efficient nerve blocks and preventing any harm to the neurovascular bundles. Therefore, we studied the anatomical location, size, shape, and directions of the mental foramen of the mandible and the incidence of any accessory mental foramina in the population of Bihar and compared it with previous research.

Materials and Methods: The current cross-sectional analysis utilized 50 fully ossified dentulous adult human mandibles, which were dried and of unknown gender and age. This sample consisted of 100 sides in total. The study only examined well-preserved mandibles that belonged to adults, were fully whole, and allowed for exact morphological assessments.

Results: The average transverse diameter of the foramen was 3.09 mm on the right side and 3.42 mm on the left side, with a statistically significant difference between the two (p-value 0.03). The average vertical diameters were 3.69 mm on the right side and 3.54 mm on the left side. Based on our research, we found that the mental foramen is most often round in shape, occurring in 62% of cases. Additionally, in 90% of cases, the foramen exits in a postero-superior direction on both sides. We found that the foramen was most commonly located below the apex of the second premolar in 36% of cases on the right side and 37% on the left side. The second most common position was between the first and second premolars, occurring in 7% of cases on the right side and 6% on the left. A position between the first molar and second premolar was noted in 7% of cases on both sides. We measured the distances between the mental foramen and various anatomical landmarks: the symphysis menti, the alveolar crest, the posterior border of the ramus, and the inferior border of the mandibular body. The distance from the mental foramen to the symphysis menti was 28.87±1.45 mm on the right side and 28.38±1.44 mm on the left. The distance to the posterior border of the ramus was 72.09±1.17 mm on the right and 72.79±1.65 mm on the left, with a statistically significant difference between the sides. The distance from the mental foramen to the alveolar crest was 17.82±1.87 mm on the right and 17.91±1.16 mm on the left. Finally, the distance to the inferior border of the mandible was 16.63±1.26 mm on the right side and 17.23±1.34 mm on the left, with a statistically significant difference. The accessory mental foramina was found in 7% of cases on the right side, 5% on the left side, and 10% bilaterally.

Conclusion: This study provides data on the location and morphometry of the mental foramen, aiding dental surgeons in avoiding nerve damage during surgeries in this region.

Ligamentum teres hepatis, a fibrotic remnant derived from the left umbilical vein, is situated in the floor of a fissure on the inferior surface of the liver between left and quadrate lobes. In some individuals, this fissure may present anatomical variations where the fissure may be partially or completely covered by liver tissue or a fibrotic band. The present study aims to observe the fissure for Ligamentum teres in the liver specimens and find out any anatomical variations in it and report them, if present. Method: The study was carried out in 40 formalin preserved liver specimens that were removed from the cadavers during routine academic dissection for the Undergraduate students in the department of Anatomy, Rangaraya Medical College, Kakinada. The fissure for Ligamentum teres was observed in the specimens and the variations noticed, were documented and reported. Photographs were captured during the course of the study.   Conclusion: The knowledge of the anatomical variations in the fissure for Ligamentum teres hepatis is essential for the clinicians, radiologists and surgeons in order to prevent misinterpretation during investigative procedures and to avoid misdiagnosis, which ultimately contributes in providing proper and efficient healthcare to the patients

Background: A doctor should be a lifelong learner, professional with good attitude, ethics, and communication skills. The curriculum for undergraduate MBBS course is an integrated one. A learning process is not complete without an assessment. Assessments include essay questions, short answer questions, very short answer questions, multiple choice questions, portfolios, case reports, OSCE and OSPE. Aim & Objectives: The aim of the present study is to implement the best method of assessment and uniformity of assessment to all Phase –I MBBS students among various colleges. Method: After taking Institutional Ethical committee approval, all phase-1 students of first year MBBS are given questionnaire about the types of questions that can score knowledge and marks for them. Their opinions are collected through google forms and analysed. Results: All assessments are in the following order according to the students’ opinion and the best method of assessment tool to reflect total knowledge in Anatomy and easy scoring is-Fill in the blanks; short essay questions; Viva; Long essay questions; Very short questions; Extended Matching Questions; OSPE; Multiple choice questions. AETCOM based assessment makes them a good doctor. Most of the male students feel Physiology as stressful subject. Students want games and want 3 internals followed by practical which is not stressful. Conclusion: As the curriculum is changed, it’s high time to change teaching. So, this is an attempt to know the perception of students to which type of assessment they will feel better in the new curriculum.

Background/Objectives: The knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of parents and caregivers play a pivotal role in managing and adhering to treatment for childhood epilepsy. However, there is a paucity of research on these factors in developing countries, including India. This cross-sectional observational study aims to address this research gap by assessing the KAP of parents and caregivers regarding childhood epilepsy in northern India. Materials and Methods: The study will be conducted in the Department of Anesthesia at a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka. The study sample will include all doctors from the Department of Anesthesia who have given their consent to participate, encompassing all postgraduate residents. Results & Discussion: The findings revealed significant misconceptions and knowledge gaps. Notably, 73.5% incorrectly believed epilepsy is a mental illness, 39% attributed it to supernatural causes, and 21.5% thought it was contagious. These misconceptions could contribute to stigma and social isolation. The study also highlighted the perceived social and educational impacts, with 85% believing epilepsy hinders family life and 71.5% thinking it affects school performance. Conclusion: This study reveals significant misconceptions and knowledge gaps among parents and caregivers regarding childhood epilepsy in North and South India. Key findings include incorrect beliefs about epilepsy's nature, causes, and management, as well as reports of social stigma and financial burden. These results highlight the urgent need for targeted educational interventions to improve epilepsy awareness, reduce stigma, and enhance treatment adherence

Introduction: Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) plays a vital role in saving lives during out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA). However, bystander CPR rates remain low due to lack of knowledge and confidence among the general public, including healthcare students. This study aimed to assess the impact of a CPR training intervention on the knowledge and confidence of physiotherapy students in South Gujarat. Methods: A pre-post educational interventional study was conducted among 1000 physiotherapy students from three colleges. Basic and advanced life support (BLS/ALS) certified instructors provided hands-on CPR and AED training. Pre- and post-training assessments were conducted using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and McNemar's test. Results: The training significantly improved students' knowledge (median pre-test score: 16, post-test score: 21, p < 0.001) and confidence in administering CPR (pre-training: 30.2%, post-training: 86.7%). There was a significant improvement in correct responses to CPR-related questions (p < 0.05), with notable gains in understanding CPR protocol and AED usage. Conclusion: CPR training significantly improved physiotherapy students' knowledge and confidence in responding to OHCA. Such interventions are essential for preparing healthcare professionals to act effectively in emergency situations.

Introduction:Effective perioperative fluid management in pediatric patients undergoing anaesthesia is crucial for optimizing surgical outcomes and ensuring patient safety. The unique physiological characteristics of schildren, including higher body water content, immature renal function, and elevated metabolic rates compared to adults, present distinct challenges in fluid sssadministration [1,2]. This cross-sectional study aims to address this knowledge gap by evaluating the KAP of consultant anesthesiologists and residents concerning perioperative fluid management in pediatric patients at a tertiary healthcare facility in India. Materials and Methods: The study will be conducted in the Department of Anesthesia at a tertiary care hospital in Karnataka. The study sample will include all doctors from the Department of Anesthesia who have given their consent to participate, encompassing all postgraduate residents. Results & Discussion: Our study found a significant association (p=0.005) between experience level and satisfaction with current fasting practices. Residents were more likely to be satisfied (94.12%) compared to consultants (5.88%). Our study revealed that 88.24% of satisfied anesthesiologists treated neonates, infants, and children as separate age groups with different fasting criteria (p=0.015). Conclusion: Our study's findings generally align with recent trends in pediatric fasting practices, emphasizing age-specific criteria, liberal clear fluid policies, and attention to metabolic effects of fasting. However, the discrepancy in satisfaction levels between residents and consultants warrants further investigation.

Background: Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a crucial life-saving procedure for managing cardiac arrest, involving chest compressions and rescue breaths to maintain circulatory flow and oxygenation. Despite its importance, public awareness and proficiency in CPR are alarmingly low globally, including in Jammu & Kashmir. This study aims to evaluate CPR awareness and preparedness among the general public in Jammu & Kashmir, identifying gaps and informing targeted educational interventions. Material & Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted from January 2024 to March 2024 in Jammu & Kashmir. The study targeted adults aged 18 and above who had been residents for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 adults was determined using a 95% confidence level and a 5% error margin. Data were collected using a pre-tested Google Form questionnaire that included socio-demographic information and 20 structured questions on CPR knowledge. The data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 Software, with results presented in frequencies and percentages. Results: The study revealed a balanced age distribution among participants, with a slight male predominance (55.3%). Educationally, 39.8% were graduates, and 15.3% had postgraduate or higher qualifications. Only 10.3% of respondents achieved a 'Very Good' CPR knowledge score, while 39.8% had 'Fair' knowledge, and 24.8% were classified as 'Poor.' Younger participants (18-30 years) and those with higher education levels had significantly better CPR knowledge. Gender, marital status and employment status also influenced CPR knowledge levels. Conclusion: The study highlights a significant gap in CPR awareness and proficiency among the residents of Jammu & Kashmir. Socio-demographic factors play a critical role in influencing CPR knowledge levels. There is an urgent need for targeted, culturally sensitive educational interventions, including community-based training programs, leveraging digital platforms, and incorporating CPR education into school and workplace curricula.

Background: Early detection of breast cancer is crucial for effective treatment. Breast self-examination (BSE) is recommended for women aged 20 years and older to detect changes or lumps. While BSE has limitations, it remains important, especially in countries like India. Regular clinical breast examinations (CBE) and mammography are also critical for comprehensive screening. The rising incidence of breast cancer globally underscores the need for robust preventive and screening programs. Nurses, with their unique position in healthcare, play a vital role in educating women about breast cancer prevention and early detection. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 female nursing staff at District Hospital Chhindwara. A questionnaire, validated by experts, was used to assess their knowledge and awareness of breast cancer and screening methods. The questionnaire covered personal data, knowledge of breast cancer risk factors, and awareness of screening practices. Data were collected voluntarily, ensuring confidentiality.  Results: The majority of respondents (84%) were aged 20-30 years, with 52% married and 52% holding a GNM diploma. Awareness regarding breast cancer symptoms was high, with 60% identifying lumps as a symptom and 50% recognizing family history as a risk factor. Knowledge about BSE was widespread (78%), but 40% had not been taught how to perform it. Awareness of CBE and mammography was also high, with 72% and 78% of respondents being knowledgeable, respectively. Information sources varied, with hospitals being the most common (42%). Conclusion: The study highlights a significant gap in the awareness of breast cancer and its screening among nursing staff, despite their pivotal role in education. To enhance their ability to educate others, ongoing training and educational sessions are necessary. Establishing national screening guidelines and prioritizing preventive training for healthcare workers will strengthen early detection efforts.

Background: Skills training is a crucial element of undergraduate medical education, designed to bridge theoretical knowledge and practical application. Despite its importance, the integration of skills training into medical curricula, as per the National Medical Commission (NMC) criteria, is often under-evaluated. This study explores Indian medical students' perceptions of skills training and its impact on their learning outcomes. Objectives: To assess the perception of medical students regarding skills training in the MBBS curriculum, as outlined by NMC criteria. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at MRMC Medical College from January 2023 to June 2023. A total of 114 first-year to final-year MBBS students participated. A self-administered questionnaire, comprising demographic data and 18 items on skills lab training perception, was used. Responses were rated on a four-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19, with Chi-square goodness of fit tests applied to evaluate the significance of responses. Results: The participants had a mean age of 23.4 years (range: 21-26 years), with 39% male and 61% female students. Most students (94.8%) preferred practicing in the skill lab before patient interactions. A significant majority (93.9%) believed that mentors should demonstrate procedures first, and 90.4% felt that practical skills training enhanced their learning. Additionally, 82.5% reported that skills training increased their motivation, and 89.5% felt it provided a sense of security. The training was seen as a necessary part of the curriculum by 87.7% of students. All findings had a p-value of <0.001, indicating statistical significance. Conclusion: Medical students view skills lab training as highly beneficial and advocate for its mandatory inclusion from the first year of the MBBS curriculum. The results underscore the importance of integrating practical skills training into medical education to enhance learning outcomes and student motivation

Introduction: Pressure ulcer is an injury of the skin wherein it   breaks down the skin along with the underlying tissue when the area of skin in contact is subjected to constant pressure for a certain time period causing cessation of nutrition and oxygen supply to the tissue, leading to ischemia and eventually tissue necrosis. The aim of the present study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of the nursing staff with regards to pressure ulcer. Materials & Methods: The present study is a non-interventional, cross-sectional study, comprising of 97 nurses who were enrolled and asked to answer a pre-validated questionnaire on pressure ulcer. Results: The results were compiled by taking into account the selected responses to the questionnaire and the demographic profile of the participants were also considered. Conclusion: Pressure ulcers can adversely affect the quality of life and vary from moderate to severe degree depending upon the grading of ulcer. By adequate knowledge, right attitude and correct practices the burden of pressure ulcers can be reduced significantly

Background: Anatomy is a foundational element of medical education, traditionally taught through cadaveric dissection. However, this method poses challenges such as limited cadaver availability, ethical concerns, and high maintenance costs. This study evaluates the effectiveness of virtual dissection tools in enhancing anatomical knowledge compared to traditional cadaveric dissection among first-year medical students at Government Medical College and Hospital Sundargarh, Odisha. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted over one year, involving 150 first-year MBBS students divided into an experimental group (n=75) using virtual dissection tools and a control group (n=75) utilizing traditional cadaveric dissection. Knowledge gains were assessed through pre- and post-tests comprising 50 multiple-choice questions covering key anatomical concepts. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0, with paired and independent t-tests employed to compare knowledge gains within and between groups. Results: The study found that students using virtual dissection tools demonstrated significantly greater knowledge gains compared to those in the traditional dissection group. The experimental group showed an average improvement of 36.0 points in total test scores, compared to 23.0 points in the control group (p<0.001). Furthermore, student feedback revealed higher satisfaction, ease of understanding, and interest in anatomy among those using virtual tools, with significant differences in all measured aspects of the learning experience (p<0.001). Conclusion: The study provides strong evidence that virtual dissection tools can enhance anatomical education by improving knowledge retention and student satisfaction. These tools offer a valuable supplement to traditional cadaveric dissection, particularly in settings where resources are limited. The integration of virtual dissection into medical curricula could provide a more comprehensive, effective, and engaging learning experience for students

Aims: To study of acute kidney injury in Antenatal mothers secondary to hypertensive disorders and Early detection to prevent the serious complications, Maternal morbidity and mortality and improve the perinatal outcome by early detection and treatment. Materials and methods: A hospital based prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and gynaecology. Subjects were included in the study after written informed consent and data was collected by using pre structured questionnaire. Thorough obstetric, medical and surgical history was taken. the subjects were analysed for the following parameters. Results: 56% were antenatal presentations. Distribution of gravida shows that 56% had 2, 14% had 3, and 20% had 10% gravida. Induced delivery (48%) and Emergency LSCS (38%) were the main modes of pregnancy termination. 82% had medical treatment, 7% had ventilator support and 11% had dialysis. Nine patients died and 1 patient had chronic hypertension. 72% of the babies admitted to NICU, there were 32 fetal deaths and 1 abortion. Neonatal morbidity and mortality are very high because of AKI in pregnancy and with other complications. Pregnancy needs to be terminated immediately, irrespective of gestational age to prevent maternal complications and deaths. Mothers with hypertensive disorders who presented in early preterm (24-32 weeks) delivered babies with less than 1.5 kg and among them, 100% perinatal mortality is observed. For babies with>1.5 kg weight, most of them presented with intrauterine death due to abruption or fetal growth restriction. Conclusion: Knowledge of associated characteristics and outcomes presented in this study provides important prognostic information for patients, a framework for physicians to understand severe pregnancy- related AKI in the current era, and informed strategies to better identify women at risk. And also concluded from this study that prevention is always better than cure.

Non-invasive blood pressure monitoring (NIBP) is a commonly used standard ASA monitor in Operation Theater. Beside of non-invasive, it can lead to various complications like petechial rash, ecchymosis, venous stasis, thrombophlebitis, infection, hematoma formation in patient on blood thinners, compartment syndrome, neuropathy due to compression and skin necrosis. These kinds of complications are not suspected by the anesthesiologist routinely. Most of these are seen invariably in diabetic, on anticoagulation therapy and old debilitating patients due to frequent monitoring. We are reporting a case of mechanical trauma caused due to NIBP monitoring in a patient posted for excision of bladder cyst. Intraoperatively, patient presented with carpopedal spasm distal to the BP cuff due to repeated cycling. We ruled out other causes of carpopedal spasm. Patient was managed for pain and for spasm calcium gluconate was given. Patient recovered and shifted to PACU. Through knowledge of complications and vigilance during perioperative period can helps the anesthesiologist to avoid them in their future course of perioperative care.

Introduction: Micro vasculature of kidney undergoes a continual and mutually dependent developmental changes through which obtains its structural and functional maturity. It is very important to know the normal developmental anatomy of kidney micro vasculature in prenatal diagnosis of renal anomalies, genetic counseling and treatment of prenatal renal disorders like Wilm’s tumor, multicystic renal dysplasia. Present study was undertaken to study the micro vasculature of the kidney at different stages of development during fetal life. Materials And Method: The present study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences, Imphal, Manipur. The material for the study consisted of 60 spontaneously aborted and still born human fetal specimens free from any gross congenital anomalies with gestational age between 11th to 38thweeks were collected from Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, RIMS after taking permission from the Institutional Ethics Committee and categorized into 4 groups as Group-A(11-20 weeks), Group-B(21-27 weeks),Group- C(28-33 week), Group-D(34-38 weeks) .The kidneys were taken out from fetal specimens, fixed, processed, stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin, observed under the Microscope and micro photographed. Conclusion: Knowledge on microvascular development on fetal kidney will be helpful for possible intervention in prematurely delivered normal baby with possible prognosis as premature delivery is very common now a days and also in prenatal diagnosis of kidney diseases

Introduction: It is believed that the great variability of this arterial pattern may be attributed to the failure of regression of some paths of embryonic arterial trunks. Anatomical knowledge of this principal artery and its variations has many clinical implications especially in surgeries relatedto orthopaedic and vascular re-constructive procedures. Hence a study was conducted in a tertiary medical college in Central Indiato study brachial artery and its variations with anatomical perspective Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 112 upper limbs of different age group and sex (38 Male and 18 Female) The brachial arteries were identified and branching pattern and relations of the brachial artery with brachial plexus in arm was observed and presence or absence of variations were documented. Results: Out of 112 upper limbs studies, 106 (94.5%) limbs showed normal morphological pattern of brachialartery, 6 (5.5%) limbs showed superficial brachial artery, 2 limb (1.5%) showed tortuous and SBA withtrifurcation into radial artery, ulnar artery and common interosseous artery in the cubital fossa. Conclusion: The study of Brachial artery and variation in its course and branching pattern is clinically important for surgeons, ortho-paedicians operating on the supracondylar fracture of humerus and radiologists performing angiographic studies on the upper limb.

Background: Diabetes and its complications require a multipronged approach for its management. In tertiary care government hospital, diabetic patients who were attending at out-patient department were being treated only with drugs and insulin without proper education on self-care practices because of heavy patient load. But in real scenario, patient has an important role to play in terms of self-care practices, which can be taught to them by educational programs. To develop such an educational program, a baseline assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding self-care among patients, need to be made. Research question: What is the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding self-care among the patients of type 2 Diabetes mellitus attending OPD in our set up? The setting of the study was at OPD of department of General Medicine, Government General Hospital, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. A one-year observational study was conducted during the period from May 2023 to April 2024 on about 215 Type 2 Diabetes patients attending General Medicine OPD, GGH during the above period by studying their socio-demographic profiles, Evaluating Risk factors, comorbidities and assessing their KAP related to self-care towards control & prevention of complications of Diabetes etc. Results: 12% of study participants were aware of examination of feet daily, 43.5% of study participants were practicing foot care examination. 76.3% study participants were having low MMAS score and it reflects poor treatment adherence. Conclusion: Continuous health education and reinforcement by health care providers is essential in order to enhance self-care activity.

Background: Diarrhoea is one of the most common cause for childhood mortality among children under the age of five worldwide. In India, around 1.7 million children died before reaching the age of 5 years and more than half of them die in the first month of life. OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge and practices related to management of childhood diarrhoea in mothers of pre-school children. To provide IEC to mothers of pre-school children on prevention and control of diarrhoeal diseases. To assess the effect of IEC provided to the mothers of pre-school children on prevention and control of diarrhoea. Methodology: An Interventional study was carried out in rural field practice area of VIMS & RC, Bangalore. A total of 126 mothers of pre-school children attending the anganwadis under Kannamangala who were not irregular and not severely ill were included in the study. Mothers included in the study were interviewed through pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires. IEC was given to the mothers on the prevention and control of diarrhoeal disease in under five children through focal group discussions and interpersonal communication. Assessment was made every 3 months through post-test questionnaires. Results: It was found that as compared to the initial assessment the number of mothers with knowledge about drinking water storage, water purification method adoption, the definition of diarrhea, continuation of breastfeeding during diarrhea, continuation of complementary feeding during diarrhea for the child and regarding the correct method of preparation of ORS at home increased by 19.8%, 27.8%, 72.2%, 4%, 7.1% and 53.9% respectively. Conclusion: There was improvement found in the knowledge and practices regarding diarrhea and its prevention after IEC and the results were statistically significant.          

Background: Basic Life Support (BLS) is an essential set of emergency procedures designed to stabilize individuals facing life-threatening conditions such as cardiac arrest, respiratory failure, and choking. This study aims to assess the level of awareness, understanding, and practical knowledge of BLS among adults in New Delhi, identifying key gaps and proposing strategies to enhance public preparedness for emergencies. Materials & Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional survey was conducted over five months (January 2024 to May 2024) across various districts in New Delhi. The study targeted adults aged 18 and above who had resided in the city for at least 12 months. A sample size of 400 participants was selected using a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire comprising 25 multiple-choice questions that assessed knowledge of CPR steps, AED usage, and scenario-based BLS interventions. Responses were gathered via both digital (Google Forms) and physical questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using Epi Info V7 software. Results: The study revealed that 76.8% of participants had heard of BLS, but only 54.8% knew the correct sequence of steps involved. Knowledge of specific CPR techniques varied, with 44.3% aware of the correct chest compression-to-breath ratio and 42.0% knowing the recommended compression depth. Only 40.3% had received training on AED usage, and scenario-specific knowledge, such as recognizing heart attack symptoms (49.5%) and performing BLS on a choking victim (45.5%), was also limited. Overall, 30.8% of participants demonstrated a "Fair" understanding of BLS, while 21.8% had "Poor" knowledge. Conclusion: The findings highlight significant gaps in the public's knowledge of BLS in New Delhi, particularly in areas critical for effective emergency response. The study underscores the need for targeted educational initiatives and practical training programs to improve BLS proficiency across the city's diverse socio-demographic groups. Enhancing BLS awareness and accessibility to training resources could substantially improve community-level preparedness and save lives in emergencies.

Background: Even in this modern era of advanced knowledge in medical science, still the human skeleton holds its medicolegal importance in forensic anthropology as before. The forensic pathologists still face the dilemma to identify and opine whether the skeletal remains are of human or not along with estimation of the relatively correct age, sex, and height of the specimen available. Innumerable scientific literature is not unavailable in forensic anthropometry for the identification of human skeletons. The examination of the human skeleton is an integral part to serve medico-legal purpose. The pivotal step of forensic investigation usually starts with the sexual differentiation of the adult human bone. The whole skeleton helps to identify the sex of bone (male/ female) with almost 100% accuracy. This current pilot study is an attempt of finding morphometric relationship between sex and predefined transverse linear measurements of adult sternum. Materials And Methods: Following the approval of the institutional ethical committee, the research was carried out on 64 adult human sternums that were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: In the current study, the study population comprises 38 (59.4%) males and 26 (40.6%) females, selected through the complete enumeration method. Among total 64 cases of the present study 28(43.8%) cases are from 18-39 years age group and 22 (34.4%) cases are from 40-59years age group 14(21.9%) cases are from 60-90years. Predefined transverse linear parameters i.e. Manubrium Width and Mesothermal Width_ both found to be greater in Male sex. Independent t -test also suggested that the sex-wise differences also found to be statistically significant (<0.001) Conclusion: Transitioning from a morphological approach to a morphometric analysis for sex determination based on the sternum is expected to minimize subjective variability, allowing for subsequent refinement and enhancement through more detailed methodologies.

Introduction: The median artery typically originates as a branch of the anterior interosseous artery. In its normal configuration, it is a small vessel that passes laterally between the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles to reach the median nerve. From an embryological perspective, the median artery represents a remnant of the original axial arterial stem that extends into the limb. The persistence of this embryonic arterial pattern into adulthood, known as a persistent median artery (PMA), is an anatomical variation that has been the subject of numerous studies. The prevalence of PMA has been increasing over time, suggesting a potential microevolutionary change in the human population. Aim of the study:  This study aims to investigate the prevalence and types of persistent median artery in a sample population from Pondicherry, India. Material and Methods: A total of 40 upper limb specimens from 12 cadavers and 16 separate upper limbs were included in the investigation. A vessel accompanying median nerve is considered a median artery. The frequency, origin, termination, type and relation to median nerve and anterior interosseous nerve were noted. Results: The presence of PMA was observed in seven forearms (17.5%), with a slight predilection for the left side (n=4). Common and anterior interosseous arteries are the source of PMA. All the PMA are of antebrachial type and none of them reached the palmar arches. Notably one PMA crossed the anterior interosseous nerve anteriorly and the other one posteriorly. Conclusion: Knowledge of the prevalence and anatomical variations of PMA is crucial for clinicians, as it can have significant implications in the diagnosis and management of carpal tunnel syndrome and other wrist pathologies. Additionally, awareness of PMA is essential for surgeons performing procedures in the carpal tunnel region to avoid potential complications.

Introduction: This case series study evaluates the optimization of anesthesia protocols for concurrent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB). The study aims to create awareness about the significance of optimizing anesthesia for these combined high-risk procedures. The case series included fifteen patients, aged 54 to 72 years, with body mass indices (BMI) ranging from 24.2 to 28.7. Hospital stays ranged from 7 to 10 days, with minimal anesthesia-related complications observed. Key findings highlight the importance of individualized anesthesia management and meticulous postoperative monitoring to ensure favourable outcomes in patients undergoing concurrent CEA and OPCAB. The results contribute to the existing body of knowledge by demonstrating that a multidisciplinary approach and tailored anaesthetic protocols can enhance patient safety and surgical success. Future research should focus on larger, prospective studies to validate these findings and further refine anesthesia protocols. These insights underscore the critical role of optimized anesthesia in managing complex cardiovascular and cerebrovascular pathologies, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes in this high-risk population.

Background: For the past few decades, the world is encountering significant reduction in incidence of different kinds of communicable diseases whereas the prevalence of various non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is reaching its peak and India is not an exemption for this trend. Epidemiological studies have shown that the global burden of Breast cancer is expected to cross almost 2million by the year2030. Breast Self-Examination (BSE) is simple, non-invasive and quick, the practice of BSE is very low among women due to various reasons like not knowing the correct technique how to perform it, lack of time, lack of confidence and fear of being diagnosed with breast cancer. Therefore, the present study is aimed at improving the knowledge and practices o n BSE and impact of health education on breast self-examination among women. Research question: What is the impact of health education on breast self-examination among women residing in urban field practice area of KMC, Kurnool? The setting of the study was at a community urban field practice area, Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. A six months observational study was conducted during the period from September 2023 to February 2024 on about 227 women aged 30- 60 years who are residing at UHTC Sriram Nagar, Kurnool by studying their socio-demographic profiles including literacy & occupation and  Evaluating their Knowledge and Practice related to BSE  by analyzing the data collected through pre & posttest questionnaire comparatively etc; Results: Pre-test knowledge mean scores were 0.55±0.55, practice mean scores were 0.17±0.84. After the educational intervention, a significant improvement was observed in women’s knowledge and practice. The impact of health education was reflected on post-test mean scores of knowledges and practice being 7.53±1.76, 5.32±1.85 respectively. Conclusion: This study showed the importance of regular awareness activities at community level to enhance the BSE practices among women for early detection of breast cancer.

Background: Biomedical waste (BMW) management is critical to minimizing health risks and environmental pollution in healthcare settings. The knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) of healthcare workers are pivotal to successful BMW management. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of biomedical waste management among healthcare workers at Tezpur Medical College & Hospital, India. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2021 to October 2021, involving 250 healthcare workers. A structured KAP questionnaire was administered, and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to identify associations. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Out of 250 healthcare workers, 56% were male and 44% female. The majority (40%) were aged 20-30 years, with nurses making up the largest occupational group (40%). Regarding knowledge of biomedical waste (BMW) management, 48% were aware of BMW categories, but only 32% knew about color-coded segregation. Attitudes towards BMW management were generally positive, with 40% recognizing its importance for infection control. In terms of practices, 48% followed color-coded segregation, but only 4% regularly reported incidents. Key barriers included inadequate training (40%) and insufficient resources (32%), indicating the need for institutional improvements. Conclusions: There is a significant gap between knowledge and actual practices in biomedical waste management among healthcare workers. Targeted training and improved resource availability are essential to bridge this gap and enhance adherence to BMW guidelines.

Introduction- In India stroke stands as a threat, to life affect 1 in every 1000 individuals. Due to lack of awareness among the public, about the symptoms and risks of stroke prompt administration of rtPA treatment gets delayed frequently. Aim and Objectives- The aim is to assess how well the general public recognizes the signs of a stroke and its risk factors and treatment options based on age and gender differences and to provide education to those, with understanding to encourage intervention. Methodology- This was a cross-sectional survey; five hundred subjects aged 18-80 were recruited from patients attending health care in Ahmedabad city using stroke awareness questionnaire. Participants were educated about stroke warning signs, risk factors, and actions after inquiring the required responses and obtaining informed consent. Results- Of the sample 49% males and 51% females participated, and average age was 22 years. The knowledge of stroke warning signs and treatment response was better among females. However, age did not make any significant difference (p=0.06). Gender and age did not significantly regard awareness of risk factors. However, there were significant relationships between awareness of warning signs and treatment action, as well as between awareness of risk factors and treatment awareness. Discussion- Even though 95% of respondents understand the word "stroke," only 25% were able to identify warning signs; awareness was higher among females. This calls for directed education about the improvement of the ability to identify when the symptoms appear in an effort to eliminate the time that these patients wait before they receive treatment. This study proposes to evaluate the level of stroke signs, risk factors and methods available to treat heart stroke within the society targeting the existing gaps on educational needs.

Background- A number of patients living with uncontrolled blood pressure remains a challenging problem all over the world. Hypertension is responsible for 57% of all stroke deaths and 24% of coronary heart disease death in India. Therefore, it is important to know the prevalence of uncontrolled blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Aims- To Assess adequacy of blood pressure control in patients with hypertension attending medicine OPD & other medical clinics of hospital. Materials and methods- This was an observational prospective study which was conducted in the Department of Internal Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, located in New Delhi, India. A total of 100 diagnosed cases of hypertension fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were evaluated in this study. Risk factors like adherence, no of antihypertensive medications, reduced salt intake, knowledge about hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, cardiovascular disease, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and obesity were assessed. Results- The mean age of the patients was 50.48 (±12.01) years. As compared to patients with controlled BP, those with uncontrolled BP had significantly more number of females (77.4% vs. 52.2) then to males (22.6% vs. 47.8%) (P=0.01). age, Educational standard, residency, occupations, did not show a significant association with control of hypertension in our study. Socioeconomic status as a factor showed a significant association with control of hypertension. As compared to patients with controlled BP to those with in uncontrolled BP, uncontrolled BP was more common in patients with heart disease, diabetes mellitus and respiratory disease.  (12.9% vs 0.0%, P<0.01). 14% patients used tobacco in the form of smoking; 5% were current alcoholic. In the index study, 66% patients were on salt restricted diet and 73% of the patients were adhere to antihypertensive medications. Whereas patients on dual and single antihypertensive were more in controlled group 58.0% and 14.5 % respectively (P<0.01). In uncontrolled group, there were significantly more patients (77.4%) who had inadequate knowledge about HTN control vs.(23.2%) in controlled BP group, (P<0.001. Among the hypertensives, 40% subjects were physically active. BMI as a factor showed a significant association with control of BP in our study. Mean cholesterol level in uncontrolled BP group was significantly higher than controlled BP group (184.13 vs. 137.68, P≤0.01). Mean triglycerides level in uncontrolled BP group was significantly higher 157.68 (±55.98) vs. 126.29 (±38.47) in controlled group (P≤0.01). Conclusion- The present study compares parameters such salt restriction diet and adherence to antihypertensive medications in uncontrolled and controlled hypertension patients in India, which provides valuable information for researchers and authorities, who are responsible for the planning of health services. There are a limited number of researches on BP control status of hypertensive in India. So, this study will provide information about risk factors responsible for uncontrolled blood pressure in patients with hypertension. Our findings have significant public health implications that emphasize the urgency of increased awareness about blood pressure control

Background: An understanding of musculoskeletal anatomy is crucial for medical students as it underpins effective diagnosis and management of various clinical conditions. Despite its importance, many students lack sufficient knowledge, potentially leading to diagnostic errors. This study assesses the knowledge and awareness of musculoskeletal anatomy among medical students across multiple institutions to identify gaps and propose improvements. Materials and Methods: A multi-institutional, cross-sectional study involving 500 students from five institutions was conducted. A validated questionnaire, consisting of a 50-item multiple-choice test and a Likert scale survey, evaluated knowledge and self-perceived confidence across pre-clinical, clinical, and postgraduate levels. Data were analyzed using SPSS, including chi-square tests, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Results: The study demonstrated a progression in knowledge scores across academic levels, with mean scores increasing from 24.7 in pre-clinical students to 38.6 in postgraduate students. There were significant differences in performance between institutions, with variations linked to the use of different teaching methodologies. Mixed methods, combining cadaveric dissection, digital simulations, and clinical integration, yielded the highest mean score of 37.2. The correlation between self-perceived confidence and actual knowledge was moderate to strong (r = 0.54 overall), with confidence increasing alongside academic progression. Conclusion: The study highlights gaps in early anatomy education and inconsistencies across institutions. A multi-modal, integrated approach is recommended for enhancing student proficiency, providing essential insights for optimizing anatomy curricula.

Introduction: Ovarian cancer is a significant health concern worldwide, ranking among the most lethal gynecological malignancies. Its heterogeneous nature, coupled with vague early symptoms, often leads to late diagnoses. While extensive data exist on ovarian cancer in Western populations, there is limited knowledge about its clinicopathological features in Indian women. This study aims to bridge the gap by evaluating these features in a cohort of patients treated at a tertiary care center in India over a decade. Materials And Methods: A retrospective analysis of ovarian cancer cases was conducted from January 2013 to December 2022. Data on demographics, clinical presentation, histopathology, tumor markers, and treatment modalities were extracted. Statistical analyses, including Kaplan-Meier survival curves and chi-square tests, were performed. Comparative analysis with international studies was conducted to highlight population-specific variations. Results: Out of 456 cases, the mean age of diagnosis was 54.2 years. The majority of patients (78%) presented at advanced stages (FIGO III/IV). Serous carcinoma was the predominant histological type (64%), followed by mucinous carcinoma (12%) and endometrioid carcinoma (9%). Elevated CA-125 was observed in 86% of patients. Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in 68% of cases undergoing surgery. Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 18 months. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences in histological subtypes and stage distribution between Indian and Western populations Conclusion: Indian women with ovarian cancer predominantly present at advanced stages, with serous carcinoma as the most common subtype. These findings underscore the urgent need for region-specific diagnostic and management strategies to improve outcomes

Sleep disorders, encompassing conditions such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), insomnia, restless leg syndrome (RLS), and circadian rhythm disturbances, have emerged as critical contributors to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, which remains a leading cause of global mortality and morbidity. These disorders disrupt the restorative functions of sleep, initiating a cascade of physiological changes including heightened sympathetic nervous system activation, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, hormonal imbalances, and metabolic dysregulation. Such disruptions significantly exacerbate cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension, atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and heart failure. The bidirectional relationship between sleep disorders and cardiovascular health highlights the need for comprehensive management strategies that integrate sleep health into broader preventive care frameworks. This systematic review synthesizes findings from 29 studies to explore the underlying mechanisms linking sleep disorders to cardiovascular outcomes, evaluate the effectiveness of current therapeutic interventions, and identify challenges in diagnosing and managing these conditions. Using a PRISMA-based methodology, the review emphasizes the role of sleep disorders as both independent risk factors and contributors to the progression of existing cardiovascular conditions. Evidence suggests that interventions such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy for OSA and cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) can mitigate cardiovascular risks, but challenges related to adherence, access, and awareness remain significant barriers. Sleep disorders such as insomnia, narcolepsy, RLS, and OSA significantly impair heart health by disrupting the sleep cycle, increasing cardiovascular stress, and promoting metabolic dysregulation. Despite advancements in understanding the relationship between sleep disorders and cardiovascular health, critical gaps in knowledge persist, particularly regarding the long-term impact of therapies, the role of emerging technologies, and the implications of genetic and environmental factors. By addressing these gaps and promoting multidisciplinary approaches to care, integrating sleep health into cardiovascular risk management can significantly reduce the burden of disease. The findings underscore the urgent need for public health initiatives, policy interventions, and innovative research to address the dual burden of sleep disorders and cardiovascular diseases, ultimately improving population health outcomes.

Background: Breastfeeding is vital for infant nutrition, offering essential nutrients and immunological benefits. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months, yet only about 41% of infants globally meet this guideline. This study aims to assess breastfeeding awareness and practices among mothers of children aged 6 months to 2 years at a Taluk hospital in North Kerala and identify socio-demographic factors influencing these practices. Aims and Objectives: To study the awareness and practices of breast feeding among mothers of children between the age of 6 months and 2 years attending Taluk Hospital. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 200 mothers attending the outpatient department of a Taluk hospital in Kannur district, Kerala. Data were collected using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire covering breastfeeding awareness, practices, and socio-demographic details. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: The study found that while 95% of mothers had satisfactory knowledge about breastfeeding, only 55% practiced exclusive breastfeeding for six months. Reasons for introducing artificial feeds included perceived lack of breast milk, beliefs about child health, job-related issues, and cultural practices. Knowledge regarding topics such as expressed milk, storage, and lactational amenorrhea was found to be inadequate. Ragi emerged as the most common weaning food used after six months. Conclusion: The findings highlight a significant gap between breastfeeding awareness and actual practices among mothers in South India. Despite high awareness of breastfeeding's importance, the low rates of exclusive breastfeeding indicate an urgent need for targeted educational interventions to support improved breastfeeding practices.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges, particularly for individuals with underlying health conditions such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Understanding the interplay between T2DM and COVID-19 severity is crucial, given the contradictory findings regarding diabetes as a comorbidity affecting COVID-19 outcomes. This study aims to investigate the clinical relationship between T2DM and COVID-19 to fill the knowledge gap and inform better treatment strategies. Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes, laboratory parameters, and complications of COVID-19 between patients with and without T2DM.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, including 180 COVID-19 patients (90 with T2DM and 90 non- diabetic) admitted between September 2020 and September 2021. Data on demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and outcomes were collected. Statistical analyses included the Chi-Square Test for categorical data and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient for continuous data, using SPSS software version 26. Results: The mean age was slightly higher in diabetic patients (52.2 years) compared to non-diabetic patients (49.67 years), with a male predominance in both groups. Diabetic patients exhibited more severe disease (78.9%) compared to non-diabetics (64.4%) with a significant association between diabetes and COVID-19 severity (Χ² = 7.2053, p = 0.0273). Laboratory analysis showed higher Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels in diabetics. Significant differences were observed in SGPT and inflammatory markers (LDH, D-dimer, ferritin, and procalcitonin), indicating heightened inflammatory response in diabetics. Complications such as acute kidney injury (AKI), sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were more prevalent in diabetic patients, with higher mortality rates (OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.27-5.09, p=0.007). Conclusion: T2DM significantly exacerbates the severity and complications of COVID-19, highlighting the need for tailored clinical management for diabetic patients during the pandemic. Further research is required to explore underlying mechanisms and improve therapeutic strategies for this high-risk group.

Background: Vasectomy remains underutilized as a contraceptive method in many countries, including India. Healthcare providers, particularly nursing staff, play a crucial role in promoting family planning methods. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and perceived barriers regarding vasectomy among male nursing staff in a medical college setting. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 215 male nursing staff at Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences, India. Data were collected using a pre-structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results: The majority of participants (97.7%) rated their knowledge of vasectomy as average to good. While 91.7% were willing to recommend vasectomy, only 43.7% were willing to undergo the procedure themselves. The main perceived barriers were misconceptions about effects on sexual function (36.7%) and cultural and religious beliefs (18.6%). Conclusion: Despite generally positive knowledge and attitudes, significant barriers to vasectomy adoption persist among male nursing staff. Targeted education and culturally sensitive interventions are needed to address these barriers and promote vasectomy as a contraceptive option.

Introduction: Educational micro learning environment is a small dynamic placement. A positive and inclusive environment helps in achieving learning objectives. Assessment of this is important for constructive modification. Methods: This is a prospective cross-sectional study done in tertiary care institute as end posting feedback in critical care units. Thirty-five second year post graduate trainees were enrolled and HEMLEM Questionnaire was circulated after valid consent. Data analysis was done using SPSS software version 22. Results: The study population consisted of 54.29% males and 45.71% females. Regarding staff attitude and behaviour, most of the students agreed that the environment was welcoming and they felt free to ask questions. Equal number of students strongly agreed (22.86%) and strongly disagreed (22.86%) to enthusiasm in faculty about teaching. Most students (54.13%) agreed to faculty’s interest in student’s learning. Most of the trainees agreed that student’s inputs were valued and 31.43% strongly agreed to that. Nearly fifty percent (54.29%) trainees felt neutral to providing with regular and supportive feedback during their postings. Regarding Quality of teaching, there was encouraging feedback and most of the students strongly agreed that the quality was well maintained. More than fifty percent (51.43%) strongly agreed that they had an opportunity to apply their previous knowledge in this posting. There was enhancement in knowledge and skills of more than fifty percent students. More than ninety percent found the posting helpful for practical application of theory. Hundred percent students achieved their learning objectives during this posting. Most of them had an opportunity to deal with patients under supervision. Conclusion: Healthcare Education Micro-Learning Environment Measure scale serves as important tool to assess learning environment in a small and dynamic placement. It is a handy and easy to use tool to obtain feedback and modify the learning environment constructively.

Introduction: Myocardial bridging is a congenital anomaly, where a segment of an epicardial coronary artery is covered by myocardial fibres for a variable distance and the underlying arterial segment is described as a mural coronary artery or a tunnelled artery. The history of myocardial bridges dates back to 1737 when it was first recognized by Reyman and then by Black in 1805. Aim Of The Study: The aim of this study is to provide more information on the incidence of myocardial bridges, arterial preponderance for myocardial bridging, the length of the bridged segment as this discovery is important for patients who complain of angina symptoms without any coronary arterial stenosis. In such cases ischemia may be caused by muscular bridge. Myocardial bridges may complicate coronary artery bypass surgery. Materials And Methods: The study was carried out on 40 embalmed heart specimens preserved in the Department of Anatomy, Dr. PSIMS, chinnavutapalli, Gannavaram Mandalam, Krishna District and Andhra Medical College, Visakhapatnam . The specimens were observed for the presence of myocardial bridges; its length and the artery covered by this myocardial bridge was noted. RESULTS: In the present study two myocardial bridges were noticed. In one case, the myocardial bridge was covering the beginning of the anterior inferior interventricular artery.The second myocardial bridge was noticed bridging the lower part of the median artery. Conclusion: The myocardial bridges may cause milking effect on the vessels. They are risk factors for certain surgical interventions and cardiac surgeries. Hence a knowledge of the presence and extent of these myocardial bridges is considered important for the cardiologists in treating the patients with acute coronary symptoms

Introduction The origin of radiology in 1895 is marked by discovery of the X-ray by Physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (Roentgen) on November 8^th  is highlighted in the history of radiology timeline. The International day of radiology (IDOR) marking the anniversary of discovery of X-rays is celebrated every year with the motive of spreading awareness and value of radiology in safe patient care. Objective Our research study was aimed to assess the awareness, perception and knowledge of interventional radiology (IR) among medical students & evaluate their understanding of its applications and scope via survey questionnaire which was conducted among 50 medical students in Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed To be University) medical college and hospital Sangli, Maharashtra, India. Results Our study found that 52 % of students were aware about the specialty of Interventional Radiology.  Conclusion Medical schools play a vital role in ensuring that medical students acquire sufficient knowledge about interventional radiology (IR) before completing their final licensing. Inclusion of research related to IR through intramural projects during UG, participation during internship postings, along with PG related IR postings can help in further awareness along with hospital management and panel consultants priming and sensitization and teamwork approach and thus aid in 360-degree (overall) patient care via IR clinical applications which can benefit the critical patients in long-term.            

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, with increasing prevalence in India, particularly in Punjab. Despite the rising burden of CVDs, public awareness of cardiovascular risk factors, early symptoms, and preventive strategies remains insufficient. Understanding the general population's knowledge can aid in designing effective awareness programs and interventions to mitigate the disease burden. Material and Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 residents of Punjab using an online questionnaire-based survey. The structured questionnaire collected socio-demographic data and assessed participants' knowledge regarding cardiovascular risk factors, symptoms, preventive measures, and the impact of lifestyle choices. Responses were categorized into four knowledge levels: Very Good (>80% correct responses), Good (60–79%), Fair (41–59%), and Poor (<40%). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, with frequencies and percentages used to summarize findings. Results: Of the 400 respondents, 52.3% were female and 47.7% male, with the highest representation from the 26–35 age group (36.5%). While 77.5% correctly identified regular exercise as a preventive measure, awareness of obesity and diabetes as risk factors was lower at 62.0% and 65.0%, respectively. Only 64.0% of participants recognized dizziness as a potential symptom of heart disease, highlighting significant gaps in knowledge. Regarding preventive healthcare, 80.0% acknowledged the importance of regular health check-ups, yet financial constraints were identified as a major barrier. Knowledge levels were classified as Very Good (25.5%), Good (35.0%), Fair (28.0%), and Poor (9.5%), emphasizing the need for targeted educational interventions. Conclusion: The study reveals a moderate level of awareness regarding cardiovascular health among the population of Punjab, with significant knowledge gaps in symptom recognition and preventive measures. Focused health education campaigns, leveraging digital platforms, and community-based initiatives are essential to enhance awareness and promote heart-healthy behaviors. Addressing socio-economic and cultural barriers will further facilitate better health-seeking practices and reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases.

Background: The mandible, along with the skull, forms the facial skeleton. The mandible is one of the strongest bones of the body, and it is formed by membrano-cartilaginous ossification. The mandible consists of two halves. Each half of the mandible has parts like a body and the ramus. The ramus of the mandible consists of two processes, namely the coronoid and the condylar processes. The coronoid process is anterior and gives attachment to the temporalis muscle. Morphological and morphometric variations of the coronoid process are common in relation to race, age, gender, and dietary habits. The coronoid process is commonly used as an autograft material in various reconstructive surgeries. Knowledge of the morphometric features of the coronoid process, like size and shape, is very important for various branches of medicine, like plastic surgery, oro-maxillofacial surgery, radiology, etc. Aim: To study the variations in shape of the coronoid processes in human adult dry mandibles. Methods: This study was conducted in the coronoid processes of 100 dry mandibles in the East Godavari district population. Out of 100 dry mandibles, 68 belong to males and 32 belong to females. Various shapes of the coronoid process and their morphometric measurements were observed and recorded. Results: Triangular shape is more predominant (55%), followed by hook shape (29%) and round in shape (16%). The incidence of triangular shape is more common in both males and females. Conclusion: The shape of the coronoid process is influenced by many factors like gender, race, chewing habits, and pull of the temporalis muscle, etc. Among the various shapes of coronoid processes, the triangle shape was predominant in both males and females in the East Godavari population.

Background: This study investigates the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices on stunting in children aged 6 months to five years. In India, the burden of stunting is compounded by the widespread prevalence of poor WASH practices. According to NFHS-5, only 58.6% of households have access to improved sanitation facilities, and 49.8% practice safe disposal of child feces. Furthermore, handwashing with soap and water is practiced by only 60.6% of households, highlighting significant gaps in hygiene behaviors. These deficiencies are particularly pronounced in rural areas and among marginalized populations, where access to basic WASH infrastructure is often limited. Material and Methods: The study was conducted over 12 months in the outpatient department of pediatrics at a tertiary care hospital in India. A total of 230 children aged 6 months to five years and their caregivers participated. Data collection involved structured questionnaires on household water sources, sanitation facilities, hand hygiene practices, and caregiver knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases. Anthropometric measurements, including height and weight, were taken using standard procedures, and z-scores were calculated using WHO AnthroPlus software. Results: Key findings indicate that children from households with inadequate WASH practices exhibited higher rates of stunting. Significant associations were found between caregiver hand hygiene, toilet type, and knowledge of gastrointestinal diseases with stunting outcomes. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for targeted public health interventions to improve WASH practices, promoting better child growth outcomes.

Background: The burden of diabetes, particularly diabetic foot complications, is a growing concern globally. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude towards diabetic foot care among primary caregivers of diabetic patients. A mixed-method approach, combining a cross-sectional survey and qualitative analysis, was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in India. The study included 403 participants, majority being females and married and belonging to the age group of 28-37years with high school education. Results revealed that participants displayed good knowledge and positive attitudes towards diabetic foot care. Significant associations were found between age groups, gender, marital status, education levels, and religious affiliations with knowledge levels. Education emerged as a key factor influencing awareness of diabetic foot complications and preventive measures. These findings underscore the importance of tailored education and interventions for promoting diabetic foot care awareness among primary caregivers.

Introduction: The spleen is the haemo - lymphatic organ of the reticulo-endothelial system and is the commonest organ to get enlarged in infections. Spleen can have many anatomical variations pertaining to its notches, weight, length, breadth and thickness. This anatomical knowledge is important for Surgeons, Radiologists and Anatomists. Aim of the study: Morphometric analysis of adult human cadaveric spleens was done in this study and compared with the available literature. Material and Methods: This present study was done on 40 formalin fixed human adult cadaveric spleens of both the sexes obtained from cadavers during routine dissection for undergraduate students in PESIMSR ,Kuppam A.P The spleens were carefully examined to determine the presence of splenic notches , clefts, weight, length measured between two poles , breadth measured between superior and inferior borders and thickness between two surfaces Results : In this study out of 40 cadaveric spleens 26 spleens were observed to have the notch on their superior borders. There were no notches in 5 spleens. 2 spleens were having notch in the superior border along with the cleft in there inferior border. 1 spleen had notch only in the intermediate border. Only one spleen was found to have notch only in the inferior border. The weights of the 40 spleens were recorded and it was ranging from 20.39g to 328.96g. One spleen with the least weight was 24.6g and the largest one was measuring 328.96g. The length of the spleens was ranging from 6.4cm to 12.1cm. The breadth of the spleens was ranging from 3.7cm to 9.5cm. The thickness of the spleen was ranging from 1.3cm to 5.5cm. Conclusion: The finding of the present study contributes significantly to the existing literature on splenic morphology, highlighting the importance of spleen’s size its notches and weight.

Background: This study assesses the knowledge, awareness, and preparedness of non-medical graduates in Ghaziabad City regarding Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR). It identifies knowledge gaps and sources of information to recommend strategies for improving CPR proficiency among this demographic. Methods: A quantitative research design was employed, utilizing an observational approach. A purposive sampling technique was applied to select 101 non-medical graduates from Ghaziabad. Data collection was conducted via a structured questionnaire developed using Google Forms. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS, incorporating descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Results: The findings indicate that 88.12% of participants had received CPR training, yet only 25.74% correctly identified the initial step in CPR. A significant portion (74.26%) mistakenly believed that CPR begins with 30 chest compressions instead of checking for breathing. 86.14% of respondents had encountered situations requiring CPR, and 89.11% reported performing CPR. However, 27.72% refrained from performing CPR due to discomfort, and 25.74% cited a lack of knowledge. Awareness of Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) was limited, with 46.53% unfamiliar with the device. Conclusion: Although CPR training is widespread, critical knowledge gaps persist in understanding correct procedures. There is a need for structured and practical training programs tailored for non-medical graduates to improve their competency and confidence in performing CPR. Public health initiatives should focus on bridging the knowledge gap and promoting AED awareness to enhance emergency response effectiveness.

Background: In this study we evaluated the utility of RAPID score in Parapneumonic effusion and empyema. Both of which are most common causes of exudative pleural effusion and this score was developed by Rahman et al by using multicentre intrapleural trial 1[MIST1 and MIST2]. Most of the patients with parapneumonic effusion usually recovers but mortality rate still around 10% along with long hospital stay, surgical interventions requirement, morbidity (3‑month follow up) despite of advances in treatment specially in empyema cases. For this reason, this study was done as there is no such study have done by anyone in our knowledge specially in India. After calculating RAPID score in pleural infection then patients were stratified in the different risk categories and association was compared with these risk categories with different variables. Methods: This is a prospective study at tertiary in which clinical utility of RAPID score in pleural infection in INDIAN population where tuberculosis infection is predominant. Baseline RAPID score was calculated on admission and stratified into risk category according to RAPID score. Primary outcome both mortality and morbidity, secondary outcome need of surgical interventions, length of hospital at 3‑months in different risk category. Results: Overall, 120 patients were included in this study. Mortality was 7 (5.83%) in our study. Total 17 (14.17%) patients needed surgery and length of hospital study was compared in all three categories of RAPID score. Total 26 (21.67%) patients had <7 days and 94 (78.33%) >7 days hospital stays. Most common organism isolate was mycobacterium tuberculosis. RAPID score was compared in Tubercular And non‑tubercular organisms. Conclusion: Prognostic utility of RAPID score is well established especially in non‑tubercular organisms. Here, in our study management utility of RAPID score also found useful. It performs good some aspects in tubercular aetiology.

Background: The term aneurysm is derived from the Greek word ἀνεύρυσμα, meaning dilatation or widening [1]. An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a widening of the abdominal aorta and is generally defined as a dilatation beyond a diameter of 3.0 cm. Due to the asymptomatic nature of most Aneurysms, diagnosis is commonly a result of screening or during routine examination with abdominal palpation. MATERIAL &METHODS:   During a routine cadaveric dissection of the abdomen in the anatomy wet lab for medical students of St, James School of Medicine, Anguilla, an abnormal finding was seen in a 77-year-oldfemale cadaver. RESULTS: The aneurysm was fusiform in shape (Fig. 1) and was found to be unruptured.  Its location was found between origin of renal arteries and the aortic bifurcation into common iliac arteries. CONCLUSION: A thorough knowledge of the anatomy and pathophysiology of aneurysms is required for successful endo-vascular grafts and good prognosis in unruptured cases.

Keywords: AAA(Abdominal aortic aneurysm), Aortic wall Thickening, Fusiform

Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) has increased application in the field of medicine in the recent days. The use of AI in other fields like finance, diagnosis and treatment is gaining importance. It is applied along with many other branches of medicine like pathology and radiology in giving better care to the patients. This study was done to assess knowledge on AI among medical undergraduate students who have increased access to the technology these days and to assess the use of this in various aspects in their education and providing care to the patients. Materials and methods: In a tertiary care teaching hospital, a cross-sectional study was conducted in undergraduate medical students, to assess their knowledge and use of AI in the medical field using a self-designed, semi-structured questionnaire. Results were expressed in frequencies or percentages. Results: In this study, 158 (63.2%) of the students have knowledge on the use of AI in medical field and among them many use Chat GPT as the source. The knowledge on the other modalities of AI was 31.6% among these students. AI was used mainly for studying followed by assignments and research work. Conclusion: This study shows that there was wide variation in the knowledge and practice of AI in medical field among the study participants. Medical students in this study use AI mainly for studying and their assignments rather than on increasing their knowledge on patient care.

Background: The dietary pattern in any population is an indicator for the general well-being and the extent of their risks to have lifestyle disorders. These include diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and coronary heart disease, which are the main cause of death worldwide. Medical students; representing part of the young age population of the community, and as future doctors, for different reasons are prone to eating unhealthy foods and to have bad health habits during their college years which might affect their wellbeing and increase the risk of lifestyle disorders. Materials and Methods: The objective of this study is to access the dietary pattern of first year medical students of SMS Medical College Jaipur, Rajasthan and how it affects their nutritional status. This is a cross-sectional study which involved 100 medical students of SMS Medical College campus. A 100 objective self-administered questionnaire and 24 recall method was used for data collection. Results : In this study, the entire respondents, 100 %, were aware of what a balanced diet is, majority of them have a good dietary habit, as 38 % eat twice daily, 45 % 3 times daily, while 5% eat more than three times daily. Their diet was mainly fast foods, fries, snacks, and soft drinks. This, thus, affected their nutritional status, with 17 % having poor dietary habit, 31% with moderate dietary habit and 52 % with good dietary habit. 22 % of the respondents being overweight, 64% were of normal weight and 14% are underweight. Conclusion: This study showed that while the respondents were aware of what a balanced diet is, they rarely consumed a balanced meal. Thus, it is imperative to not only educate them, but also, formulate a strategy to ensure the implantation and practice of eating a balanced meal, so as to not only forestall lifestyle disorders, but also to be able to educate their patients in the future, creating a healthy community and nation at large. The usual lifestyle of food tickets and meal in the university should be resuscitated especially within the study population.

Background: Caesarean section (CS) is a widely performed surgical procedure for childbirth, particularly in complicated pregnancies. While necessary in certain medical situations, its overuse has raised concerns regarding maternal and neonatal health. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and perception of pregnant women towards CS at KIMS Medical College, Amalapuram. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 110 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at KIMS Medical College over a three-month period. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire assessing socio-demographic factors, obstetric history, and women's knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions regarding CS. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS software. Results: The majority of participants (55%) were aged 22-29 years, with 58% residing in rural areas. 62% demonstrated good knowledge of CS, with 87% believing it saves neonatal lives and 84% acknowledging its life-saving potential for mothers. 59% of participants had a positive attitude towards CS, with 80% expressing willingness to undergo CS if medically indicated. 61% had a positive perception of CS, although concerns about back pain (71%) and the cost (78%) were prevalent. Conclusion: The study found that pregnant women generally possessed good knowledge, a positive attitude, and a favorable perception of CS. However, there is a need for targeted educational interventions to further enhance understanding and reduce misconceptions, particularly regarding the risks and benefits of CS.

Introduction: Humerus is the largest and longest bone of upper limb. Long bones get their blood supply from the nutrient, periosteal, metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries. Long bones consist of outer cortex and inner medulla. Outer cortex and metaphysis are supplied by periosteal and metaphyseal arteries. The medulla and inner half of the cortex of the shaft of long bones are supplied by nutrient artery. The nutrient artery enters the shaft through the nutrient foramen leading into nutrient canal. The medullary arterial system plays an important role in revascularization of the necrotizing cortex and the uniting callus at the fracture site. The knowledge of nutrient artery of long bone is important in surgical procedures like bone grafting and bone transplantation. On the basis of this knowledge, the number, location of nutrient foramen is important for surgeons in preventing the intra operative injury of nutrient artery and also in medicolegal practice. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy and department of Forensic Medicine, Guntur Medical College , Guntur for a period of three months from August 2024 in 120 dry adult humeri after the approval of Institutional Ethics Committee.Among these right - 64 and left - 56 were included in the study Results: In the present study, out of 120 humerus single nutrient foramen is seen in 104 bones, double in 14 bones, triple in 2 bones. In 108 humerus bones nutrient foramen is seen on antero-medial surface , in 11 bones on posterior surface and in 1 bone on antero-lateral surface. Conclusion: The Present study concludes that most of the humerus bones consist of single nutrient foramen on antero-medial surface of shaft of humerus. Deviation to normal, nutrient foramen is also  seen on antero-lateral surface , posterior surface of shaft of humerus. In  some humerus, double or triple nutrient foramen is also seen.So the anatomical knowledge regarding the number, location, direction of nutrient foramen is helpful for Orthopaedic surgeons in internal fixation, fracture repair, bone graft , joint replacement therapy and vascularized bone micro surgery and decreases the chances of damage to nutrient artery

Background: Contraceptive use plays a vital role in preventing unintended pregnancies and promoting maternal and child health. However, despite the availability of various contraceptive methods, misconceptions and socio-cultural factors often hinder their proper use, particularly in rural areas.This study aims to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding contraceptive use among married women of reproductive age attending a family planning clinic. It seeks to identify factors influencing the acceptance and utilization of contraception. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 married women attending a family planning clinic in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, Andhra Pradesh, for six months. Data were collected using a pre-designed proforma, which included questions on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitude, and practices related to contraceptive use. Results: The majority of participants (92%) were aware of at least one contraceptive method. The most commonly known methods were oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs), and condoms. However, only 77% were using or willing to use contraception, and just 41% used it correctly. ASHA workers (41.5%) and television (40%) were the primary sources of information. The most preferred methods were OCPs (39%) and natural methods (15.5%). Common reasons for non-use included myths, side effect concerns, and husband opposition. A significant association was found between educational status and contraceptive knowledge (p < 0.0002). Conclusion: While knowledge of contraceptive methods is widespread, correct usage remains low. Myths and misconceptions play a significant role in non-use. Educational interventions, particularly through healthcare workers, are essential to improve contraceptive use and correct application, especially in rural areas.

Background: Prescription writing is a critical skill for medical practitioners, ensuring accurate communication of treatment plans, minimizing medication errors, and maintaining legal accountability. However, studies indicate that inadequate training often leads to prescription errors, particularly among interns. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge and competence of prescription writing among interns at Konaseema Institute of Medical Sciences, Amalapuram. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical interns after obtaining approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee. Interns were asked to write prescriptions for a specified ailment. A validated set of 18 questions, reviewed by experts, was used to assess their knowledge and competence in prescription writing. Results: The study identified significant deficiencies in prescription writing among interns. Notably, 28.99% of prescriptions lacked the patient's gender, while 25.36% did not mention the patient’s age. Additionally, 31.16% of prescriptions were missing the doctor's signature, raising concerns about accountability and legal validity. A substantial 60.14% of prescriptions failed to specify the method of administration. The most frequently omitted detail was the time of administration, missing from 65.94% of prescriptions. Conclusion: The findings indicate that interns lack adequate awareness and competence in proper prescription writing. Regular training sessions on prescription writing should be conducted before the start of internships to enhance their proficiency and ensure patient safety.

Purpose of the Review:Venous Thromboembolism is a complication in which blood clots and blocks a vein. Most of the time either it is underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed and becomes serious because of late diagnosis. It encompasses two interrelated conditions such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Deep vein thrombosis is a significant concern in hospitalized patients and contributes to long hospital stays, morbidity and mortality. The most appropriate inflammatory biomarker for diagnosis and therapeutics in venous thromboembolism remains unclear and is under exploratory condition. The role of molecular markers in the pathophysiology of venous thrombo embolism expands the knowledge of mechanistic action and therapeutic targets. Detection of biomarkers associated with VTE and recurrence of VTE has been explored but limited to few markers like D-dimer, C reactive protein, protein C & S etc. Recent findings: Present study reviewed a total of 44 differentially expressed proteins majorly lipoproteins, glycoproteins, inflammatory proteins and few cytosolic proteins, which were considered as potential biomarker for VTE manifestation. Protein-protein interaction confirmed by a Search tool (STRING) and revealed that CRP, IL6, IL8, IL17, selectin family, JAK-STAT group and tissue factor proteins including VWF proteins are significantly interconnected in disease manifestation, thrombus formation and endothelial cell activation, platelet aggregation, and coagulation.  Summary: The current review and protein protein interaction analysis bring together shreds of evidence of differential expression of protein biomarkers associated with venous-thromboembolism by their function and protein-protein interaction involved in coagulation. 

Introduction: Background and Objectives: Early clinical exposure (ECE) in anatomy integrates theoretical knowledge with clinical applications, enhancing students' understanding and interest in the subject. Traditional methods of anatomy teaching primarily focus on theoretical lectures and cadaveric dissections, which may not always provide an immediate clinical correlation. To bridge this gap, ECE has been introduced as an innovative teaching approach to improve the learning experience of medical students. This study aims to evaluate the perception of first-year medical students regarding ECE in anatomy and its impact on their understanding, retention, and overall interest in the subject. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 first-year medical students at B J Government Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra. A structured questionnaire was used to assess students' perceptions regarding ECE in anatomy. The questionnaire included Likert scale-based questions focusing on various aspects such as knowledge enhancement, retention, interest, and challenges faced by students. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including percentages, mean values, and chi-square tests to determine statistical significance. Results: The majority of students (85%) agreed that ECE significantly enhanced their understanding of anatomical concepts, providing a clearer and more practical perspective on theoretical knowledge. About 78% of the students believed that ECE contributed to better knowledge retention, as exposure to clinical scenarios helped reinforce learning. Additionally, 82% of students expressed an increased interest in anatomy due to the interactive and application-based nature of ECE. However, 20% of students reported facing challenges in correlating theoretical knowledge with clinical scenarios, indicating the need for structured guidance and support. Furthermore, 15% of students cited time constraints as a limiting factor in fully benefiting from ECE sessions. Conclusion: ECE in anatomy is perceived positively by students, as it enhances comprehension, retention, and interest in the subject. The integration of clinical exposure in anatomy teaching provides an effective method to bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application. However, challenges such as difficulty in correlating theoretical knowledge with clinical cases and time constraints need to be addressed for its successful implementation. Future improvements in ECE should focus on providing structured guidance, increasing interactive learning opportunities, and optimizing the curriculum to ensure an effective and enriching learning experience.

Background: Self-medication for cardiovascular conditions is a growing concern due to the potential risks of drug interactions, incorrect dosages, and delayed professional treatment. Understanding the knowledge and practice of self-medication among individuals is essential for public health interventions. Objectives: To assess the knowledge and practice of self-medication for cardiovascular conditions and its associated risks among individuals. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 200 participants. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire focusing on knowledge, practice, and risk perception of self-medication for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to analyze the data. Results: Among the participants, 65% reported self-medicating for cardiovascular symptoms. The most commonly used medications were aspirin (45%) and beta-blockers (30%). Knowledge regarding proper dosage and potential risks was inadequate in 58% of participants. A significant correlation was observed between education level and self-medication practices (p < 0.05). Conclusion: A substantial proportion of individuals engage in self-medication for cardiovascular conditions despite limited knowledge of associated risks. Public health interventions and awareness campaigns are needed to mitigate these risks.

Background:  This cross-sectional study aimed to explore the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of patients with rotator cuff tears towards arthroscopic shoulder surgery (ASS), based on the hypothesis that the knowledge of the procedure among patients would be sufficient, which in turn might influence their practice and attitude. Methodology: This study was a cross-sectional observational study done in a tertiary medical college in central India from 1^stOctober 2022 to September 2024 on 588 patients with rotator cuff tear. Observation And Results: In our study we observed that out of 588 patients included, 50%(294) had undergone ASS. Lower education level and monthly income, shorter weekly exercise time and shorter disease duration were identified as independent risk factors for the KAP total score. Structural equation modelling revealed a direct positive effect of knowledge on attitude, but neither knowledge nor attitude influenced practice scores. Conclusions: Patients with rotator cuff tears demonstrated relatively poor knowledge, a neutral attitude and moderate practice towards ASS, highlighting the need for patient education and counselling to enhance understanding and decision-making regarding ASS.

Background: Nutrition is essential for maintaining overall health, impacting physical growth, cognitive abilities, and academic success. For medical students, having a solid understanding of nutrition is crucial not only for their own health but also for effectively advising patients in clinical settings. Nevertheless, numerous global studies have consistently identified deficiencies in nutritional knowledge among medical students.  Aim: This study seeks to evaluate the awareness and understanding of nutritional health among undergraduate medical students at ACSR Government Medical College in the Nellore District.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out involving 423 undergraduate medical students, who were selected through stratified random sampling. Data were gathered using a validated, structured self-administered questionnaire that assessed nutritional knowledge, dietary habits, physical activity levels, and sources of nutritional information.  Results: The findings indicated alarming trends: 45% of students did not participate in physical activity, and 35% engaged in minimal exercise. Social media emerged as the primary source of nutritional information for 55% of the students, overshadowing academic resources, which accounted for only 15%. Furthermore, 45% of students expressed little concern regarding their food choices, and 35% acknowledged an increase in junk food consumption, with merely 20% adhering to a balanced diet.  Conclusion: The results highlight an urgent need to improve nutritional education within the medical curriculum. It is essential to emphasize evidence-based dietary practices, encourage physical activity, and mitigate dependence on unreliable information sources. Enhancing nutrition-related content and institutional support will better equip future healthcare professionals to promote public health and advocate for healthier lifestyle choices.

Background: Anemia is a major public health problem worldwide, especially among adolescents who face increased nutritional needs during their critical growth years. In India, anemia rates among teenagers remain worryingly high, though the situation varies widely from one region to another. Unfortunately, there’s very little research on how much adolescents actually know about anemia or whether they eat enough iron-rich foods—particularly in rural areas of the Gaya district in Bihar. This study aims to fill that gap by evaluating anemia awareness and dietary habits, specifically iron consumption, among 14- to 17-year-old students attending government schools in five villages of the Gaya district, Bihar. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 300 school-going adolescents aged 14 to 17 years from five villages in the Gaya district, Bihar. Written consent was obtained from parents and assent from participating students. The study included students enrolled in grades 7 to 12 who were willing to participate, while excluding those absent or unwilling. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. Collected data were entered into Microsoft Excel, and the statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad version 8.4.3, with P-values < 0.05 considered significant. Results: Our study indicated that a majority of adolescents were aware of anaemia (61%). However, only a smaller percentage considered it a health issue (48%). In the past year, just 14% of adolescents had taken Iron-Folic Acid (IFA) tablets, while a significantly larger proportion, 71%, had used deworming tablets in the previous six months. The study found that adolescents consumed roti or rice daily (98%), pulses weekly (51%), and dark green leafy vegetables (DGLV) weekly (59%). Fruits were primarily eaten weekly by 48%, with a notable 37% consuming them infrequently. Fried foods and carbonated beverages were consumed regularly. These results suggest that the National Iron Plus Initiative (NIPI) program is not being adequately implemented. Conclusion: This study highlights significant gaps in anemia awareness and dietary practices among adolescents in Gaya, despite their satisfactory hygiene habits. The low level of knowledge regarding the causes of anemia and available screenings, combined with challenges in implementing the I-NIPI program, emphasizes the need for gender-sensitive interventions. Strengthening nutrition education in schools, launching health campaigns, and initiating targeted awareness programs could effectively reduce the prevalence of anemia and improve health outcomes for adolescents in the region