European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization and is responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by SARS-CoV-2, and common clinical symptoms include fever, cough, sore throat, headache, and fatigue. The cardiovascular system is affected in this infection, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications. Myocardial injury is relatively common in patients with COVID-19, accounting for 7%-23% of cases, and is associated with a higher rate of morbidity and mortality [1]. In patients with COVID infection clinical suspicion is necessary to diagnose myocarditis as an important complication of this infection. Here we present a patient who developed shortness of breath and orthopnea following sore throat and myalgia and was eventually treated with a diagnosis of myocarditis and discharged from the hospital in relatively good general condition.

COVID-19 was declared by the World Health Organization as a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern” [1]. These patients may develop shock due to sepsis or cardiac injury; however, hemodynamic characteristics have not been described. We analyzed the hemodynamic profile of 2 ventilated patients (critical cases), 2 non-ventilated patients with severe pneumonia (severe cases) and 1 patient with pneumonia (moderate cases) admitted to the ICU of the Tropical Medicine Institute “Pedro Kouri”, Havana, Cuba. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed in all cases by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction at hospital admission. Non-invasive hemodynamic measures (within the first 24 h of ICU admission) were used in order to minimize viral transmission to health-care provider. Arterial and central venous samples were simultaneously collected for testing. Fick method was used to calculate the Cardiac Output (CO) as CO=VO2/Ca-CVO2, where VO2 is the oxygen consumption (using the Bergstra's formula) and Ca-CVO2 is the arterial-to-central venous oxygen content difference. We observed a hyperdynamic profile, characterized by high CO and low systemic vascular resistance, in critical and severe cases; conversely, moderate cases have a normal hemodynamic pattern (Table 1). Of note, hyperdynamic changes were markedly higher for critical cases compared to those for severe cases, suggesting that a poor clinical course is associated with a more severe imbalance in hemodynamic parameters. Despite these finding, impairment in the mean arterial pressure was not observed in severe cases and low-dose norepinephrine was required in critical cases, indicating that tissue perfusion was guaranteed by the increased CO (Table 1). Serum concentrations of inflammation-related biochemical markers were higher in patients with critical disease than those in patients with severe or moderate disease (Table 1), suggesting a close relationship between inflammation and hemodynamic imbalance. Angiotensin II effects are increased in COVID-19 patients because of a reduced activity in the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, but inflammation-induced vasodilatation may overcome the Angiotensin II - associated vasoconstriction. In fact, Angiotensin II may be an inductor of inflammation and oxidative damage in early phases [2]. All patients had a central venous oxygen saturation >70% and central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (Pcv-aCO2) <6.0 mmHg, indicating an adequate tissue oxygen supply and CO2 wash-out, respectively; however, biological markers of anaerobic metabolism such as hyperlactatemia and Pcv-aCO2/Ca-cvO2 ratio >1.8 were observed in critical patients (Table 1). These founds suggest microcirculatory or mitochondrial disturbances [3]. In summary, this report highlights that in early phase of COVID-19-assocaited critical illness, patients show a hyperdynamic profile with microcirculatory/mitochondrial disturbances. These abnormalities may contribute to mortality.

Covid-19 caused a pandemic in the world in 2020 and also caused the collapse of many medical systems. In order to keep the virus out of the hospital, it is very important to design a good "traffic control" and policy. Through the control of the entrance, our hospital initially screened people with fever or upper respiratory symptoms or foreign travel history, and shunted to the emergency epidemic diagnosis area. When the patient entered the epidemic diagnosis area, the dedicated medical staff that completed the protective equipment, after preliminary consultation X-ray examination is carried out in the outdoor X-ray irradiation area to assess whether there are Acquisition conditions of the inspection, and then go to the outdoor negative pressure inspection and inspection station to complete the inspection and inspection operations. After distributing the medicine from the special medicine receiving window, all treatments will not enter the hospital area and be handled in a one-stop service. The patient will not move back and forth in the area to reduce cross-infection. When the doctor assesses the need for hospitalization, it will be directly admitted to the negative pressure isolation ward through a certain planned movement line to reduce exposure in the hospital and ensure the safety of inpatients and medical staff. The outdoor moving line design can be used for general chest X-ray examination, basic blood drawing and collection of COVID-19 related specimens. If the patient needs to be temporarily placed in the hospital, there are also planned outdoor compartments to accommodate the patient. When need use the toilet, it can use the outdoor mobile toilet (Figure 1). The design of this is mainly for risk management and diversion shunt. High-risk cases are treated through a specially designed one-stop service visit to effectively control the virus outside the hospital area and prevent patients from entering the hospital and other patients cross infection.

The virus which has been named “SARS-CoV-2” and the disease it causes has been named “Coronavirus Disease 2019” (abbreviated “COVID-19”) is an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by a novel (new) coronavirus that was first detected in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China since December 2019 and which has now been detected in 37 locations internationally. Person-to-person spread has been reported both China and outside China. Reported illnesses have ranged from mild to severe, including illness resulting in death. Even though a large number of medical personnel have been mobilized from all over the country to help Hubei, there is still a lack of medical personnel, medical protective equipment and medical places. Mild patients are novel coronavirus pneumonia patients with mild symptoms. The mild cases in Wuhan account for 32%. The main treatment measures are isolation and oral medication. The proportion of severe patients in Wuhan is 4.7%, and the proportion of critically ill patients increases with age. Most of the patients with severe illness are old people, many of the work that need to be done by the nurses now because of lack of nursing workers, and the workload of nursing is heavy. In order to alleviate the above problems, it is suggested that mild cases (aged between 18 years and 60 years old, without basic diseases, persistent high fever, and mental disorders, with a PS score of 0) should take care of the self-rescue medical mode of the critical patients on the principle of voluntariness, implement the 4-h shift system, and return to the shelter hospital for isolation and oral drug treatment on the principle of proximity after the care. In addition, priority should be given to the patients who are transferred to the intensive care unit or their immediate family members. This method would firstly, greatly alleviate the shortage of medical staff and medical protective articles; secondly reduce the infection rate of medical staff; realize the sharing of care workers and the reasonable and fair distribution of medical resources which finally effectively shorten the time of epidemic control

COVID-19 or SARS-COV-2 is a serious viral illness that has spread all over the world, this disease belongs to the group of coronaviruses. Like other coronaviruses it was transmitted to humans by animals, which is said to be an outbreak from a fish market in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that COVID-19 is a pandemic on March 11, 2020 [2]. For the management of spreading of this disease, some countries forced a complete lockdown. Social distancing, hand hygiene, and isolation were considered largely effective for COVID-19 control [2]. Many medications have been reported for the treatment of Covid-19 disease. One of these medications is hydroxychloroquine/chloroquine which has gained a lot of popularity during the pandemic. This study aims to review the effect of HCQ and CQ on cardiovascular patients with COVID-19 and estimate the potential adverse effects.

Since the first reports of a novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged from the province of Wuhan, China in December 2019 [1], it has brought the entire worldwide to a standstill and impacted every single individual on the planet. In this age of globalization, as expected, the eyes of the world have been vehemently focused on the medical fraternity in hopes of a so far elusive cure. In spite of hundreds of clinical trials, anecdotal reports and off-label attempts, no therapy has proven to be effective in improving outcomes nor provide effective prophylaxis. Intense social, political and media scrutiny, along with the sheer scale of the pandemic, have presented a unique challenge to the medical and scientific fraternity to be able to develop effective remedies in an extremely limited amount of time, and at times, with limited resources as well. Unfortunately, the discovery and licensing of a nascent molecule as an effective drug involves a prolonged gestational period, creating an unacceptable lag between therapeutic need and availability. Drug repurposing, a novel approach which involves identification of new indications for pre-existing drugs, is an economic and time saving endeavor [2], allowing a drug to directly enter phase III or IV clinical trials, thereby saving billions of dollars in production cost [3]. Much like the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus (MERS), the SARS-CoV-2 spreads through the respiratory route; however, unlike the former which utilizes Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4), it utilizes Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE 2) as a receptor to enter cells [4,5]. Fusion, is followed by endocytosis of the virion, which is facilitated by an acidic environment, wherein comes in to play diprotic bases such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine [6]. Activation of the main RNA Dependent RNA Polymerase (RDRP) enzyme requires proteolysis by a viral protease. Inhibition of the latter by anti-retroviral agents such as lopinavir, ritonavir and darunavir hold therapeutic promise [6]. Agents targeting RDRP such as remdesivir, favipiravir and arbidol have demonstrated some degree of in vitro and in vivo activity against SARS-CoV-2.

The immune system is highly dependent on precise communication between cells for optimal function, and any damage to the signaling systems involved will result in an impaired ability to mount an immune response. A cross- sectional survey of 212 participants from different cities of Iraq was conducted to explore the effect of eating fruits & vegetables and taking vitamins on the immunity status like recurrent infection, COVID19 and chronic diseases. The data collected by using survey targeted to all cities of Baghdad. The questionnaires were distributed online using Google Forms. It will be a convenient sample. The collected data was analyzed by using statistical package social science (SPSS) program version 23.0 and demonstrated in tables and graphs. Sample test was used to decide if there is statistical difference or not. The survey generated 212 responses. Regarding on the question about the chronic disease 94.3% of the answers don’t have chronic diseases and 5.7% were had chronic diseases. Concerning the question about COVID19 infection65.1% of the answers was not infected and 34.9% were infected. The question regarding the recurrent infection 18.4%suffered from recurrent infection and 81.6% were not. The question regarding eating fruits & vegetables89.2% eating frequently and 10.8% were not. The question regarding taking vitamins50.0% of participants were taking vitamins and 50.0% were not. The increase immune protection by immunostimulant factor from food like eating fruits & vegetables or by therapeutic adjuvant like vitamins and minerals is useful in increase immunological status and help in protection against microbial infection.

Rapid transmission of corona virus throughout the globe has put many more on risk of contracting this virus so prevention & prophylaxis became an important part of this pandemic so the role of Hydroxychloroquine is being discussed here.The CDC On March 24th , both Hydroxychloroquine have in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2, and other coronaviruses, with HCQ having higher potency against SARS- CoV-2. The drug also raised the risk of heart problems. But based on the available evidence, it has been opined that HCQ is relatively safe, when certain contraindications are avoided, and has some beneficial effect as a prophylactic option.

In October, 2019, ’No Mask Campaign’ was launched by one of the three most famous and tertiary central hospitals in Wuhan, to promote eye and facial expression communication with patients in flu season, which was followed as a practice standard by other hospitals in the city [1]. Two months later, it came the uncontrolled outbreak of COVID-19. It is reasonable to ask the question: Whether inadequate use of facial mask, the traditional personal protective equipment, contributed to the tragedic widespread of this novel coronavirus infection.

A new coronavirus, called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in late December 2019, Wuhan (Hubei, China). The disease, now known as COVID-19, has spread rampant and has given rise to a pandemic world that has precipitated draconian measures to limit its transmission. COVID-19 has demonstrated a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations, from asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic forms, to severe viral pneumonia with respiratory failure, multi-organ and systemic dysfunction, and high morbidity and mortality. The body's hyper inflammatory response has been associated, along with the possible direct effects of SARS-CoV-2 on organs throughout the body via ACE2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is another common complication. The inflammatory response caused by COVID-19 in the lung due to the virus itself developing pneumonia, followed by cytokine storm and hemophagocytic syndrome causes a hyper coagulation state manifesting small and large vein and arterial thrombosis and likely DEC. Many hyper coagulation biomarkers such as D-dimer, elevated cytokines such as Il-6, and inflammation parameters such as C reactive protein support this clinical picture. Anticoagulant treatment with heparin and anti platelet should always be ordered.

Background: A novel COVID-19 has been recently identified as the severe acute respiratory illness COVID-19 which has accounted for more than 300,000 infected people worldwide. However, the world health organization WHO announced that the disease represents a serious issue to worldwide public health. Aim: The study aims at reviewing and discussing current knowledge on COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia including diagnosis, causes, and methods of controlling coronavirus disease. Method and Design: Pooled design is adopted, and 562 confirmed COVID-19 cases are included in the analysis reported between March 2nd, 2020 to March 23rd, 2020. Results: The result showed that the majority of the identified cases resulted from contact tracing and returning from different countries. The study provides additional evidence for an effective method used by the Saudi Arabia Health Ministry (MOH) to help patients recover from COVID-19. Conclusion: COVID-19 evidence to show several signs and symptoms such as fever, dry cough and respiratory syndrome. However, several methods used in health sector in order to monitor and control the disease.

ackground: While COVID-19 per se does not seem to represent a significant threat to the paediatric population, the pandemic has caused indirect detrimental consequences in the management of children in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs). This study analyses the impact of the pandemic on PICU admission patterns in a tertiary care centre. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of all admissions to PICU during COVID-19 pandemic i.e. from April 2020-September 2021, and compared the data with corresponding pre-covid times.

Introduction: Since the first detection on 8th March 2020 in Bangladesh, the number of cases is rising alarmingly. The paediatric population is also getting infected in Bangladesh. So far there is very few studies of COVID in children in this country. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to explore the demographic profile, clinical presentation, laboratory findings and outcomes of COVID-19 children patients. Methods: This is a retrospective hospital-based study; 149 Children were enrolled and analyzed in this study. The study was conducted from June 2020 to June 2021 at the Department of Pediatrics in Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Result: Among 149 patients were included in the study over a period of 13months. Mean age was 59.96 ± 43.24 months, 48% were male and 52% were female. Out of 149 cases 7(4.6%) cases were associated with co-morbidities like congenital heart disease& bronchial asthma was 2(1.34%) followed by hereditary hemolytic anaemia, adenoid and ROP was 1(0.67%) (Table-4). Out of all 149 patients 125(83.89%) patients were improved and discharged, 12(8.05%) patients transferred to other hospitals and 5(3.36%) childs died in this study. Conclusion: During the pandemic of COVID19 Children were also affected due to household contact. Children present with flu like illness with or without other system involvement should be investigated for COVID19, as because early diagnosis will help to restrict the spread of the virus and will help to get a better outcome

Introduction: There is a great uncertainty on disease progression in COVID-19. Multiple factors play a role in progression of disease to severe form and these factors are not uniform in all patients. There are multiple ongoing researches for the early prediction of outcome using various prognostic factors. Aim: To study the association of Clinical parameters, Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and CT severity score of COVID-19 patients with Mortality

Background: The use of digital gadgets like smartphones, tablets, and laptops has grown along with time and technology advancements as well as during the COVID-19 epidemic. These digital devices have a propensity to produce a variety of systemic, visual, and ocular problems.

The goal of this study was to determine the risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARSCoV2 infection. Methodology: All patients referred to intensive care units (ICUs) from two centres of an Indian tertiary hospital for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) owing to COVID19 were included. Medical history, symptoms, biochemical data, and imaging data were all gathered prospectively. To compare the occurrence of thromboembolic events in non-COVID19 ARDS versus COVID19 ARDS patients, propensity score matching was used

Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) infection has rapidly spread across the world, currently affecting more than 39 million people, leading to major societal, economical and health care system distruptions. Aim of the study: The study aimed to identify and explore the concerns of the long-term mishap of respiratory diseases regarding the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and how these concerns were affecting them. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed on consecutive patients admitted to the Shaheed Monsur Ali Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study was carried out from January 2020 to December 2020 with 62 patients.

Background- Wuhan, Hubei's capital, reported severe pneumonia in December 2019. China reported the epidemic to the WHO on December 31, 2019, based on respiratory sample aetiology. SARS CoV2 caused COVID19. Confusion, depression, anxiety, memory loss, and insomnia are more common in COVID19 patients. SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) infection has been linked to acute psychiatric symptoms, elevated inflammatory markers, and many neurologic manifestations in critically ill COVID 19 patients with comorbidities

Introduction: In the year 2020 World has seen a calamity known as COVID 19 a perilous respiratory and multi-systemic disease suing millions of deaths all around the Globe. This disease also supposed to have many post COVID complications which range from respiratory illnesses like COPD and asthma to cardiovascular diseases like cardiac arrest leading to be one of the most predominant cause deaths. Performing pulmonary function tests timely may opine about the picture of disease development in the pulmonary tree which may pick up the disease progression early leading to avoidance of critical terminal illness which will lead to a disease free life.

Background: The internet, mobile phones, and other similar tools are indispensable for the current functioning of both private life and business. In these two years of Covid 19 pandemic (2019 2021), internet use, especially for different games as well as social networking, were indispensable for the global population, allowing engagement and interaction among many people online in a virtual world. The term ‘Internet Addiction Disorder’ was first coined and described by Dr. Kimberly Young. There are various models for diagnostic criteria which contain some commonalities

Introduction: In December 2019 , COVID 19 had put unprecedented load over healthcare-systems across the world. The key to good surveillance and prognosis for COVID 19 cases lies in early diagnosis and appropriate management

The second covid wave caused unprecedented havoc, morbidity and mortality all over India. This retrospective study delves into the disastrous impact of Covid 19 second wave in the pregnant population at our tertiary care center. This retrospective study was done to bring insight into demographical factors, associated comorbidities, mode of delivery, role of inflammatory markers, treatment administered, complications in pregnant women who were severely affected by COVID -19. Material and Methods: This retrospective observational study collected data from 1 April 2021 to 30 June 2021. A total of 40 pregnant COVID-19 patients admitted during the second wave of COVID-19 infections were included in the study. All demographic characteristics like age, parity, type of conception, BMI, associated comorbidities, symptoms and their duration, type of oxygen support, the inflammatory markers (IL6, serum ferritin, N/L ratio, LDH), mode of recovery and outcomes were analyzed. Statistics: Data was collected, summarized, tabulated using Microsoft Excel and expressed as percentage. Results: Of the 40 COVID- 19 cases, 10 pregnant women succumbed to COVID- 19. Age above 30 years and higher BMI was associated with all mortalities. Fever and Breathlessness was a common symptom in all. All women who succumbed had falling SPO2 levels and all were on higher oxygen support. CRP, D- dimers and IL-6 levels are markedly increased in all the fatalities who were infected by COVID-19. Conclusion: The second COVID-19 wave affected the pregnant population the most. The outcomes of women who were on higher oxygen support was worser. Serum Ferritin and IL-6 was raised in all patients with worse prognosis

Objective: Several new or repositioned drugs have been tried in covid19, but none have been shown to be efficacious. This observational study was carried out because previous data showing effect of remdesivir in treatment of moderate to severe covid19 patients were controversial. Method: A retrospective analysis was carried out of moderate to severe covid19 patients with SpO2 level<94% admitted in hospital after approval of the ethics committee. Patients were divided in 2 groups according to treatment received, standard treatment (Group A) or standard treatment + remdesivir (group B). Purpose of the study was to determine the difference in term of final outcome (death or recovered), change in SpO2 level, average hospitalization duration and change in laboratory values between both group. Results: There were total 1193 covid19 patients (group A: 1044 patients; group B: 149 patients). No significant difference observed in final outcome [death in group A(43.29%), group B(42.28%), P=0.88]. Adding remdesivir to standard treatment significantly reduced hospitalization duration in those recovered (P=0.0025) and improved SpO2 level significantly between day 1-5(P=0.0002), 1-10(P<0.0001) and 1-14(P=0.0001). Conclusions: We concluded that adding remdesivir in the standard treatment of the patients did not improve the final outcome (prevention of death) of the disease

Background: COVID 19 positive pregnantwomen form a very vulnerable group.  It adversely affects their physical and psychological health. These women are likely to develop new health problems or aggravation of existing problems during pregnancy and in the post-partum period. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective observational study of 100 consecutive Covid positive pregnant women who were admitted in the isolation wards of Government Medical College, Thrissur and delivered during the study period from 1st may 2021. These women were followed up till 6 months postpartum. Data was collected from recordsand bypersonal interview or telephonic call using astructuredquestionnaire. Demographic profile, Covid symptoms and their severity, obstetric details, breast feeding practices, neonatal outcomes and post Covid symptoms were studied. The association between breastfeeding, hygiene practices and neonatal positivity was also looked into/. Results: 51% of Covid positive pregnant women were asymptomatic. Nine women had severe Covid pneumonia with 2 of them requiring ventilatory support. There were no cases of vertical transmission or transmission through breastfeeding among the newborns studied. There was a strong association between strict adherence to hygienic practices and neonatal positivity. 24% of women had persistent symptoms at 6 months postpartum. Post exertion malaise was most commonly observed. Conclusion: Women with COVID-19 infection during pregnancy may continue to have health problems and hence need a close follow up

Background: Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are one of the important modern epidemics affecting the elderly and it also worsens with age.  Health seeking behavior among elderly plays an important role in managing NCDs properly and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality from NCDs. And health seeking behavior in turn is influenced by various factors. Knowing more about the pattern of health seeking behavior and its determinants among elderly will help health care workers in taking proper measures to improve their health seeking behavior and thus improve the quality of living. Objectives: To assess the health seeking behavior among elderly living with NCDs in a rural area in Trivandrum district and to find out the determinants of health seeking behavior among them. Materials and methods: It is a qualitative study using Focus group discussion method. Done  within 3months during June 2022 to August 2022 in a rural grama  panchayath area in Trivandrum district, Kerala among elderly individuals  diagnosed with NCD like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia,  heart diseases, residing in the that  panchayath area  in Trivandrum .Total of 2 FGDs were conducted with each one having minimum of 6 and maximum of 12 participants. Total of 18 participants were included. Details regarding socio-demographic details, details regarding pattern of health seeking behavior for NDCs, and factors influencing health seeking behavior were discussed. Results: In the current study it was found that half of the participants had good health seeking behavior. Less than half of the participants had self medication. Motivation from dear and near, fear of complication, good support from health care worker were found out to be the facilitating factors while Self medication, poor transportation availablty, poor attitude from health care workers, fear of Covid19, poor financial status were reported as reason for poor health seeking behavior in this study. Conclusion: Addressing these barriers by improving the awareness of public regarding NCDs and importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment along with overall improvement of health related facilities and quality health care services along with integration and coordination of public and private health services and promoting the various motivational factors can improve the overall health seeking behaviorBackground: Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are one of the important modern epidemics affecting the elderly and it also worsens with age.  Health seeking behavior among elderly plays an important role in managing NCDs properly and thereby reducing the morbidity and mortality from NCDs. And health seeking behavior in turn is influenced by various factors. Knowing more about the pattern of health seeking behavior and its determinants among elderly will help health care workers in taking proper measures to improve their health seeking behavior and thus improve the quality of living. Objectives: To assess the health seeking behavior among elderly living with NCDs in a rural area in Trivandrum district and to find out the determinants of health seeking behavior among them. Materials and methods: It is a qualitative study using Focus group discussion method. Done  within 3months during June 2022 to August 2022 in a rural grama  panchayath area in Trivandrum district, Kerala among elderly individuals  diagnosed with NCD like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia,  heart diseases, residing in the that  panchayath area  in Trivandrum .Total of 2 FGDs were conducted with each one having minimum of 6 and maximum of 12 participants. Total of 18 participants were included. Details regarding socio-demographic details, details regarding pattern of health seeking behavior for NDCs, and factors influencing health seeking behavior were discussed. Results: In the current study it was found that half of the participants had good health seeking behavior. Less than half of the participants had self medication. Motivation from dear and near, fear of complication, good support from health care worker were found out to be the facilitating factors while Self medication, poor transportation availablty, poor attitude from health care workers, fear of Covid19, poor financial status were reported as reason for poor health seeking behavior in this study. Conclusion: Addressing these barriers by improving the awareness of public regarding NCDs and importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment along with overall improvement of health related facilities and quality health care services along with integration and coordination of public and private health services and promoting the various motivational factors can improve the overall health seeking behavior

Purpose: Acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI) is a great challenge and burdenin the tropics with respect to diagnosis and clinical practice.Patients presenting with fever alone in Covid-19positive cases is very difficult to distinguish them from other AUFIs in the tropics like Malaria, Scrub Typhus, Dengue and Typhoid. Rapid sero-diagnostic tests of these infectionshad frequently shown sero-positivity for two or more infections leading to difficulty in clinical diagnosis and treatment in endemic zones. This study was performed to determine the false-positive serological test in Covid-19 patients for Typhoid Materials and Methods: The present study was observational prospective study conducted from April 2020 to November 2020. A total of 574 febrile patients which were positive in Real time PCR for Covid-19, were included in the study. Results: Widal test was found positive in 263samples (45.8%). Conclusion: Our experience suggests that cross reactivity in the serological test should be interpreted with caution andcontinuous follow-up of these patients along with surveillance should be done during Covid-19 pandemic in the resource-constrained tropical settings

Background World Health Organization declared COVID 19 as pandemic in March 11,2020. SARS-CoV-2 is different from other known viruses due to multiple mutations on the sites of nonstructural proteins. Since the healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk for COVID 19 infection, Government of India gives priority for HCWs for vaccination against COVID 19. Aims and objectives: The present study aims and objectives are to estimate the prevalence and severity of COVID 19 infection in vaccinated HCWs and to determine the severity, course and outcome of COVID 19 infection in vaccinated HCW and to determine the effectiveness of vaccines among HCWs Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional questionnaire-based study conducted between October 2021 and December 2021 among 262 Health CareWorkers (Doctors, CRRIs, Nurses, Paramedical staff) in Government and Private hospitals in South Tamilnadu. Results: Prevalence of covid-19 in vaccinated HCWs was 12.9%. ADR was seen in 19.2% HCWs, mostly mild ADRs like fever, myalgia, headache, etc. SpO2 was more than 93 in 94% HCWs infected with covid, 6% had in between 90-93. Chest CT was taken in 17 HCWs infected with covid, 10 persons had a normal study, 3 persons showed 8% lung involvement, 1person had 32% lung involvement based on CT study. Conclusion: Covid-19 infection was found in 12.9% of the vaccinated people. Vaccination is effective in preventing Covid infection

COVID-19 has impacted children’s immunization rates, putting the lives of children at risk. The present study assesses the impact of phone-call counseling, on immunization uptake during the pandemic. Families of babies discharged from the SNCUs in six government centers in three South Indian states were recruited. Calls were made 10 days after the immunization due date. Missed vaccinees were counseled and followed up on 7 and 15 days. Of 2313 contacted, 2097 completed the survey. Respondents were mostly mothers (88.2%), poor (67.5%), and had secondary level education (37.4%). Vaccinations were missed due to the baby’s poor health (64.1%), COVID-19 related concerns (32.6%), and lack of awareness (16.8%). At the end of the intervention, the immunization uptake increased from 65.2% to 88.2%. Phone-call intervention can safely support immunization and lower the burden on health workers

Omicron, a new variant of Covid-19 has hit the India in the third wave during 2022. The outbreak of this new variant has increased globally. At this time, there is an urgent need of fast, reliable and effective detection method. The real time RT-PCR is the most used technique for the detection of viral DNA. In the present study ‘OmiSure’ kit developed by Mumbai-based Tata Medical and Diagnostics Ltd (TATA MD) in partnership with The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) was used for direct detection of Omicron variant in the SARS-CoV-2 positive samples via multiplex real time RT-PCR as a diagnostic tool. The reaction was tested targeting viral RNA and human target mRNA sequence using S gene target failure and S- gene mutation amplification strategy. In the present study 532 samples were tested for the presence of Omicronin the SARS-CoV-2 positive samples. The study found that a total of 501 individuals were positive for Omicron variant while 31 individuals were detected to be of other variants. Further these 31 SARS-CoV-2 positive samples were processed by nanopore whole genome sequencing and identified as Delta and its sub variants of SARS-CoV-2. These sequences were submitted in Indian SARS-CoV-2 Genomic Consortium (INSACOG) and Global Initiative on Sharing Avian Influenza Data (GISAID). The study showed that OmiSure kit is an accurate, fast and easy to use rRT-PCR Omicron diagnostic assay

There is little information available about neurological manifestations in paediatric COVID-19 patients from around the world, including India. This study aimed to identify characteristics of paediatric COVID-19 cases with neurologic involvement who were hospitalized in IMS & SUM Hospital,  Odisha. This retrospective cross-sectional study included hospitalized patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 from January 2020 to December 2022 aged 0 to 14 years.The necessary information was obtained from the patients' medical records. There were 21 cases in total. The studied group's median ages, those with neurological manifestations and those without, were 6.5, 11.0, and 5.0 years, respectively. Five COVID-19 patients experienced neurological manifestations, with headache and decreased consciousness being the most common recorded manifestations. The majority of patients, both with and without neurological manifestations, survived. In hospitalized paediatric COVID-19 cases, neurological manifestations were common. However, most of the neurological manifestations were mild and nonspecific, with headache being the most common. Although specific neurological manifestations were uncommon, paediatric COVID-19 patients, especially young infants, were at risk of developing severe encephalopathy with a fatal outcome

Influenza virus infection in humans is a zoonotic disease having high economic and public health impacts. Outbreaks of overlapping respiratory viral infections have been reported in the past. Here we describe the characteristics of a similar viral outbreak that occurred among students in a University campus in Kerala, India, during May, 2022. We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to describe the outbreak and elucidate the dynamics of viral transmission.  Nasal swabs were collected randomly from suspected patients. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-based diagnosis was performed to detect influenza A and B viruses followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. COVID 19 was tested using rapid antigen detection kits. Of the 185 affected students included in the outbreak investigation, 87% reported either respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms or both. The median time taken for the onset of symptoms was 3 days. Out of 16, 11 sampleswere laboratory confirmed for Influenza A (H3N2) while 18 samples were positive for COVID 19. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the Influenza virus is close to the current, Darwin 2021 vaccine strain. The only stool sample collected, turned positive for Noro Virus. Risk factors for infection included close proximity and exposure to droplet infection. The public health response included isolation of cases, contact tracing, temporary shutdown of college and hostels and enforcement of COVID appropriate behaviour in the campus. Early laboratory confirmation and an immediate public health response contained the outbreak.

Background: High Resolution CT has a potential role in the diagnosis, detection of complications and in predicting clinical recovery of patients or progression of coronavirus disease 2019. Degree and severity of lung involvement can be assessed by 25 point CT severity score. This quantification plays an important role to modify the treatment plan at times in critically ill patients of COVID-19. Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to characterize the typical & atypical HRCT imaging features in patients with COVID-19 infection and to additionally establish a correlation between the CT severity score & clinical lab parameters to facilitate an expeditious management protocol. Materials & Methods: A prospective observation study of 2years duration including 75 patients with RTPCR positive proven COVID-19 disease were evaluated with HRCT and the findings were systematically documented and analysed by experienced radiologists. Results: >90% participants were found to have ground glass opacities  (GGO) on Chest CT,76%hadGGOwithsmoothinterlobularseptalthickening; whereas 64% had GGO with smooth intra lobular septalthickening.54.7% (41/75) patients had severe grade of Covid Pneumonia; followed by moderate(26;34.7) and mild (8; 10.6%). There is positive correlation of Chest CT severity scores with urea, D-dimer, CRP, IL-6 , TLC and ferritin. Conclusion: Better understanding of spectrum of CT findings in COVID-19 pneumonia may help to reach accurate diagnosis in clinically and laboratory equivocal cases. It also aids in prognostication of clinically ill cases and cases with co-morbidities.

Due to advent of technology and internet, teaching too is now largely utilizing these modern devices and internet to impart education to the children. When it was mandatory to keep social distancing and hence avoid regular classes for medical students during the dreadful COVID pandemic, it was decided to teach the 1st year MBBS students online using the technology and the internet. This study aimed at determining if the students found this novel online teaching to be helpful or not. Methodology: A total of 100 1st year MBBS students in a tertiary medical college in central India were included in the study from September 2020 to February 2021 for 6 months. It was an observational study and an informed consent from the students was taken prior to the study. Classes were conducted as usual as per the institutional guidelines and feedback forms were collected after that. Results: Out of total 100 students, 65 were girls and 35 were boys. Average age of the class was 19.2  1.1 years. 85% had used mobile phones and internet for education before and 15% had never used it for education purpose. 75% had a concentration time of 30 minutes. About 50% students faced internet issues and faced moderate disturbance during the classes. 85% used mobile phones for the classes. 60% students opined that such online classes are effective for teaching anatomy while 40% told that it was not effective. Conclusion: The study concludes that currently online classes for the subject like anatomy are not as effective as regular classroom teaching. The factors could be low motivation, technology and internet problems, low attention span etc.

Background: This study was conducted to assess pulmonary sequelae in moderate to severe cases of post-COVID-19 infection with follow-up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 9 months from the time of diagnosis of COVID-19 and assess the pulmonary complications in moderate to severe cases of COVID-19. Methods: This was a hospital-based prospective observational study conducted among 60 patients (adults) presenting with a past history of COVID-19 to the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rajarajeshwari Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru, over a period of 18 months from December 2020 to June 2022, after obtaining clearance from the institutional ethics committee and written informed consent from the study participants. Results: 54 of them showed residual HRCT findings like GGO, patchy consolidation, septal thickening, bronchiectasis, and fibrotic strands among others. The median CT score was 14, with the majority of study subjects having 51-75% lung involvement. In the 1st month, the median FEV1 was 55% of what was predicted. At the third month, median FEV1 was 58% of predicted, at the sixth month, 58% of predicted, and at the ninth month, 60% of predicted. The FVC median at the first month was 55%, 60% at the third month, 64.5% at the sixth month, and 69% at the ninth month. The average DLCO was 48% of what was predicted in the first month, 55% of what was predicted in the third month, 68% of what was predicted in the sixth month, and 75% of what was predicted in the ninth month. Conclusion: Patients recovering from COVID-19 may present with significant parenchymal, functional, and physiological abnormalities persisting for several months following the primary infection. According to our study, up to 9 months after discharge, pulmonary sequelae were common among moderate-to-severe patients who had been hospitalized for COVID-19. Hence, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary to deal with the undiscovered pulmonary sequelae of COVID-19 on follow-up.

Background: Corona virus disease 19 (Covid-19) was declared as global pandemic by WHO in March 2020. India has witnessed two waves of Covid 19 in the month of March 2020 and March 2021. Due to improper use of steroids in the treatment of these patients post covid mucormycosis patients had increased drastically in the second wave. This has taken a toll on physical and mental health alike. There is equally rise in the psychiatric comorbidities in post covid mucormycosis patients. Various disorders like Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, sleep disorders have been reported in COVID-19 survivors. Current study aims to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders and its associated correlation in patients with mucormycosis. Methods: The study population comprised the patients referred to the Psychiatry outpatient department (OPD) of tertiary health care center from the post covid OPD over 6 months i.e. July 2021 to december 2022. Patients were assessed using a semi structured proforma, sociodemographic profile, treatment facility ( institutional or home quarantined), duration of stay at treatment facility, medical and psychiatric diagnosis were recorded and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: 83 patients were included and assessed of which 78.3% were male and 21.6% were female. Mean age was 52.19 years. The referral rate was found to be 12%. Most common psychiatric disorder was sleep disorder (24%), followed by stress and trauma related disorder (15.6%), depression (12.04%), anxiety disorder (9.6%). Conclusion: The study emphasize on vigilant approach and constant supervision of these patients so that an early diagnosis could be made and an add on burden to mental health care system could be reduced.

All sorts of health sectors, including blood banking, have been adversely affected by the current coronavirus pandemic crisis, particularly in the collection of blood units for patients for a variety of reasons. In this blog, we attempted to share our experience, approach, and efforts done during this era to face and overcome these problems.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare worker’s life risk percentage is higher than the ratio of benefits they provide in the health crisis situations during this pandemic period, Even though they are the vitals for the functioning of the health systems during any health crisis. The findings from this study will help authorities to deliver the imperative educational programs in order to bring forth up-to-date information and to flourish the best practices in controlling and preventing Corona virus. The objective is to assess and analysis the knowledge and awareness about the COVID-19 virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS:  Structured questionnaire was developed. The questionnaire consisted of details regarding the socio-demographic details and 30 questions pertaining to the knowledge and awareness on protection, prevention and infection control measures of Corona virus disease. RESULTS: It was found out that adequacy of knowledge and awareness on COVID 19, was only 55.1% among participants. On binominal logistic regression analysis, it was found that age and profession were found to have statistically significant association with knowledge and awareness.  CONCLUSION: Spreading the knowledge and preventive measures of COVID -19 among health care professionals will play a major role in preventing further outbreaks. As WHO says “Keep yourself and others safe: Do it all!” it’s a sole responsibilities of every health care workers to follow the protocol and preventive measures at any cost. In addition regular hospital infection training sessions to be given for health care workers to follow universal standard precautions

Background: COVID -19 pandemic had great impact on the day to day life of people and healthcare, including orthopaedic clinical practice.  The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Due to this, not only in India but also in the western countries a lot of confusion in patient management and decision making was noted. Aims: In this study we intend to aware the orthopaedicians and healthcare staff about the pandemic situation in future by learning the experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic through literature for better patient management.  Methods: This was a retrospective study aimed to see the impact of COVID-19 pandemic 2020 on orthopaedic practice with previous year 2019. The effects of COVID -19 pandemic on various clinical parameters like outpatient numbers, indoor patient admissions, management options conservative and surgery were revealed. Results: Total OPD cases in 2019 were 29700 and in 2020 were 6500. Total admissions in 2019 were 2690 and in 2020 were 855. The number of orthopaedic surgeries done in the time period of 2019 and 2020 were 1660 and 483 respectively. The surgical procedures were reduced in the year 2020 by 70.90%. Maximum reduction seen in the lockdown period  was 87.7%. Conclusion: The study concluded that in Pandemic and disaster like situation decision making is an important step. Conservative treatment should be done as much as possible. Elective surgeries postponed and emergency surgeries to be continued by keeping all safety measures.

Background: Females constitute a significant proportion of the healthcare community. An integral component that forms a part of the difficult work environment of health workers is both the long hours that they have to put in donning and doffing PPE kits. This also affects female workers, who also have to endure the psychophysiological changes and difficulties associated with menstruation while continuing to perform their clinical duties. Aims and objectives: The purpose of this study was to shed light on the difficulties faced by the female frontline workers who had to don PPE suits while menstruating. This study also focused on assessing if there has been any impact of the usage of PPE kits on their menstrual habits during this pandemic. Methodology: The study's methodology involved using a self-made questionnaire that five experts validated. The final sample size was calculated to be 264. A total of 309 individuals participated in our study. a total of 21 questions to evaluate the difficulties faced by female health care workers wearing PPE kits during the time of menstruation using inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data was entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed by chi-square testing. Results: The study found that a significant number of female frontline health workers experienced fatigue (94.5%), sweating (88.9%), discomfort (85.4%), staining of undergarments (61.7%), pain (59.3%), itching in the genital area (50.6%), fainting or giddiness (50.6%), and chafing in the groin region (50%) while menstruating in PPE. It was also observed that a significant change had occurred in the menstrual hygiene habits concerning frequency of bathing (79.1%), number of sanitary pads, tampons, and menstrual cups used (68.4%), use of painkillers (47.8%), use of home remedies to alleviate pain (37.5%), and administration of medicines to delay menstruation (24.5%). Conclusion: This study found that difficulties like sweating, fatigue, discomfort when wearing pads, tampons, or cups, staining of undergarments, pain, itching in the genital area, fainting or giddiness, and chafing in the groin region were extremely common. Hence, it is recommended that appropriate measures be taken by the hospital administration to allay the difficulties faced by the female frontline health workers.

Background: This study was conducted to correlate, inflammatory markers with mechanical ventilation and mortality in Covid- 19 patients, IL-6 levels with mechanical ventilation and mortality in Covid-19, and CRP levels with mechanical ventilation and mortality in Covid- 19. Methods: This was a hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 200 cases, considering a 13-point difference in the IL-6 or CRP levels among the patients who needed mechanical ventilation, at the Department of Medicine, Tertiary Care Hospital, Mumbai, over a period of three years, after obtaining clearance from the institutional ethics committee and written informed consent from the study participants. Results: The CRP levels were significantly higher among the patients with mechanical ventilation when compared to the patients who were not ventilated [103.22 ± 99.04 mg/dl (present) vs. 78.70 ± 75.90 mg/dl (absent) mg/dl]. The IL-6 levels were significantly higher among the patients with mechanical ventilation when   compared to the patients who were not ventilated [432.09 ± 509.95 IU/L (present) vs. 81.79 ± 195.44 IU/L (absent) mg/dl]. The CRP levels were significantly higher among the patients who died when compared to the patients who were alive [137.49 ± 117.35 mg/dl (dead) vs. 74.73 ± 70.61 mg/dl (alive)]. The IL-6 levels were significantly higher among the patients who died when compared to the patients who were alive [491.95 ± 541.59 IU/l (dead) vs. 69.70 ± 156.54 IU/l (alive)]. Conclusion: CRP acts as a fair predictor for mortality in the present study, implying that elevated CRP levels may indicate an increased mortality risk.

Background- Vaccines for covid-19 have been developed at unprecedented speed, with phase III clinical efficacy trials reporting results for some vaccines less than a year after WHO declared the pandemic.Since December2020, several vaccines have been authorized by regulators such as the European Medicines Agency, the US Food and Drug Administration, and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Large scale immunisation programmes are ongoing worldwide.Objective- To study and compare post vaccination events after first and second booster dose of novel corona virus vaccine. Method-The present hospital based prospective study was conducted in Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar medical college and Hospital.The duration of study was 12 months. The details to contact the study participants were obtained from hospital vaccination centre. Participants were also contacted at vaccination centre and after taking informed consent, a history of participants was taken in the form of a questionnaire and physical conversation. Results- A total of 40.20% of the study population reported atleast one adverse event following vaccination which was mild in nature.Most common adverse event was fever (28%) followed by injection site pain (22.80%).Statistically significant difference was reported for individual adverse events like fever, injection site pain, fatigue, headache, weakness, nausea, vomiting for the first and second dose.The incidence of adverse events after first dose in covishield was significantly greater as compared to covaxin (55.14% vs 40%) with P value=0.002. Conclusion: Both vaccines exhibited short-term adverse effects, albeit they were modest and of short duration. Within this particular framework, our study gains greater significance in distributing concise safety information subsequent to immunisation. This will aid folks in their decision to accept immunisation.

Objective: To analyze the group of elderly patients diagnosed with COVID-19 with a retrospective cohort study. Methods: The study was conducted in a health institution in Kayseri province in Turkey. In the study, 151 COVID-19 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Chisquare analysis was performed when both independent and dependent variables were categorical. Results: The mean age of the patients was 85.87 years. 61.59% of the patients were female. The most common symptom was fatigue with 73.5%. The most common chronic disease was hypertension. The most common radiologic classification was CO-RADS-1 with 47.6%. The mean incubation period of the disease was 10.25 days. The most common complication was acute renal failure. The mortality rate was 19.21%. Conclusion: We suggested that clinical status at presentation, age, serum CRP, LDH, AST, troponin I and hemoglobin levels are important predictors of the risk of death from COVID-19 and may help identify high-risk COVID-19 cases. 

Introduction: COVID-19 is an acute viral illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2(SARS-CoV-2). Since the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple new variants of concern have emerged which are associated with enhanced transmissibility and increased virulence. It also highlights the role of the clinical inter professional teams, public health agencies, and community participation in improving patient care. Aim: An analysis of genomic sequencing variants of SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic patients during 2nd and 3rd wave of pandemic by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Materials And Methods: A total of 200 symptomatic patients, throat/nasopharyngeal swab were collected for real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) at tertiary care hospital, Guntur. The specimens were transported under cold chain according to guidelines to Centre for Cellular & Molecular biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, for genome sequence analysis by next generation sequencing (NGS). Study period – 2ndwave i.e., MARCH 2021 –NOVEMBER 2021 & 3rdwave i.e., DECEMBER 2021 –MARCH 2022 according to WHO.  Result – Out of 200 samples analysed, 132 samples of 2nd wave & 68 samples in 3rd wave. Out of 132 samples, 57 Delta (B.1.617.2), 75 Delta sub-lineages. Out of 68 samples 41 Omicron (B.1.1.529), 11 Omicron lineages (BA.1), 16 Omicron (BA.2). Conclusion: During the 2ndwave the symptomatic patients were detected with more delta and delta sub lineages showing high mortality rate. During 3rdwave omicron and omicron sub lineages were detected more than delta showing very high transmissibility and less mortality. Continuous monitoring and analysis of the sequence variants to understand the genetic heterogenicity.

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Background: This study examines the clinical outcomes and efficacy of management strategies for patients in the ICU of Government General Hospital, Nizamabad. It focuses on evaluating the impact of therapeutic interventions like oxygen therapy and CPAP adjustments in a critical care setting, particularly during the challenging period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted involving 50 patients admitted to the ICU. The evaluation criteria included monitoring changes in oxygen saturation levels, the usage and adjustment of CPAP, and the presence of comorbid conditions. The study aimed to categorize patient outcomes into three groups: improvement, stability, and deterioration during their ICU stay. Results: Among the patients studied, 60% (30 patients) demonstrated clinical improvement, marked by increased oxygen saturation, reduced respiratory distress, and stabilized vital signs. 20% (10 patients) maintained a stable condition with no significant change in their health status. In contrast, another 20% (10 patients) experienced a deterioration in their condition, necessitating enhanced respiratory support. The study also found a high prevalence of comorbidities; 40% (20 patients) had hypertension, and 30% (15 patients) had diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the clinical outcomes and management strategies in an ICU setting during a critical period. The findings highlight the effectiveness of personalized treatment approaches, the impact of comorbidities on patient outcomes, and the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. These insights are crucial for enhancing patient care in critical settings and for guiding future research in the field of critical care medicine.

Background: Covid 19 still continues to affect millions worldwide. The risk of a new virulent strain is imminent. Covid binds to ACE receptor which is ubiquitous in human tissues. These receptors are highly concentrated in pancreatic islet cells which play a major role in glucose homeostasis. Aim of the work: To evaluate the effect of covid 19 on blood sugar levels and to correlate blood sugar variations with disease severity and inflammatory markers (Ferritin, LDH, ESR, D Dimer, Procalcitonin) in Non diabetic Covid 19 patients. Patients and methods: In this single centre observational study, 400 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled for the study and categorised into asymptomatic, ILI and SARI. Data was collected by clinical examination, case sheets and lab investigations. Blood glucose levels ,HbA1C ,ESR, CRP,LDH,D-DIMER Procalcitonin levels was measured at admission. Data was analysed using IBM-SPSS version 24.Mean and percentage was used in the calculation of incidence of acute diabetes and and sugar levels in different groups.Correlation between the sugar levels and inflammatory markers was done using pearson’s correlation coefficient. P<0.05 was considered significant for all statistical comparision. Results and Conclusion: A total of 400 COVID RTPCR positive non diabetic patients were included in the study. Acute diabetes (RBS>200,HbA1C <6.5) was seen in 2.75%(11) of the patients. Average RBS at admission in asymptomatic, ILI and SARI patients were respectively 103.33,122.95 and 157.9. Correlation between RBS at admission and inflammatory markers was done. Ferritin, LDH and ESR showed a statistically significant correlation with RBS at admission. So RBS at admission becomes a marker of Covid disease severity and hence helps categorising patients early into different severity groups and instilling adequate early treatment and referral

Introduction: On 11^th March 2020 Corona virus disease 2019 is declared a pandemic by WHO. The highly contagious COVID-19 virus has spread across the globe. Illness diagnosis is a key component of patient management and disease control strategies. Thin-section chest CT is more sensitive in detecting abnormal alterations in the lung parenchyma. The CT-pattern of COVID-19 and other viral pneumonias share a lot of similarities. The distribution characteristics of various lung pathologies and involvement of lung lobes were noted three months after treatment has been completed on a follow-up chest CT. Aims and Objectives: To determine any post covid pulmonary sequelae in covid patients. Materials And Methods:  This is a prospective cross sectional descriptive study done in DR. PSIMS & RF, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India from November 2020 to October 2022. Patients who came with history of covid-19 disease for follow up were included in this study. Serial high resolution axial sections of chest done without intra venous contrast using SIEMEN’s 16 slice CT scanner in the department of Radio-diagnosis Dr. PSIMS& RF. With age, gender distribution, fibrosis, pattern of fibrosis, % Of lung involvement, comparison with acute CT scan if any(% of involvement vs % of sequelae) ,comparison with previous CT scan where ever available, relapse of pneumonia (if any), correlation with treatment taken earlier (actively treated or not), unrelated positive findings to post covid sequelae as study variables. Results: A total of 50 Patients who came to Dr. PSIMS & RF for CT-Chest with history of covid-19 disease for follow up were included in this study. At 6 months of follow-up, most patients with severe or critical disease still had significant persistent lung abnormalities. Lung fibrosis and pneumonia were the most prevalent CT symptoms for patients, followed by mosaic attenuation and ground glass opacities along with some unrelated lung pathologies. Our study shows that residual pulmonary sequelae of COVID-19 were caused by older age and illness severity, both of which were independent variables. Conclusion: It is important for both the radiologists and chest physicians to know the persistent post covid lung changes which play a significant role in diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of any chest illness in these patients in future.

Introduction: Mortality rates for COVID-19-related mucormycosis vary greatly in reported studies. A systematic evaluation of 101 cases revealed a fatality rate of 30.7 percent. However, research on the determinants of death in COVID-19 associated mucormycosis is insufficient. The purpose of this study was to find out what factors contributed to in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19-related mucormycosis. Objectives: To study the the Clinical profile , Haematological ,Biochemical and Radiological changes associated with mortality in patients with covid-19 associated mucormycosis. Methodology: In this single-center, observational study, 130 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 associated mucormycosis were recruited from a tertiary level intensive care unit from Bowring and Lady Curzon hospital, Bangalore, India. Results: Proportion of HTN, IHD, CKD and HIV was significantly more in non survivors compared to survivors. ICU admission and Oxygen requirement was scientifically higher in Non Survivors and had significant association with the outcome. . There was no significant difference in the levels of Hb, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, and Platelets as p>0.05. Total count (17191 7764), ESR (57.6± 12.4), CRP levels (199.0 69.5), and S.Ferritin (624.6 268.0) were significantly higher among the Non survivors. S.LDH (355.7 108.9), S.Free Iron (51.7 13.3), HBA1C (11.4 2.4), and S.Urea (36.9 35.3) were also found to be significantly higher among the non survivors. Conclusion: The current study highlights that a multidisciplinary approach in COVID-19 associated mucormycosis patients that includes timely and effective surgical debridement coupled with appropriate antifungal therapy and diligent sugar monitoring with intrahospital glycemic control may help to lower mortality. Key Words:

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the complex interplay between viral infections and cardiovascular disease (CVD), with dietary factors emerging as a critical modifiable risk factor. Examining the intricate relationship between COVID-19 and circulatory risk factors, this review highlights the growing role cardiologists play in managing chronic heart problems that arise after immunization and assessing the prognosis of myocardial injury. Overshadowing myocarditis, acute myocardial damage is a prominent consequence of COVID-19 and is often linked with sickness severity and viral load. There is worry about possible long-term cardiac effects made worse by SARS-CoV-2 Post-Acute Sequelae (PASC). Acute disease severity influences the frequency of PASC. Several heart-related symptoms are emphasized, such as myocarditis, ischemic heart disease, and arrhythmias. Several heart problems, including myocardial ischemia, thrombosis, and inflammation, have been related to several mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations. There are differences in treatment approaches, therefore in order to lower cardiovascular mortality, early detection and care are required. Chronic symptom management is recommended to use a multidisciplinary strategy that includes ambulatory monitoring and stress testing. After the pandemic, eating will play a critical role in reducing the risk of disease as it has an impact on lifestyle, mental health, and access to healthcare. With a particular emphasis on nutrition as a significant modifiable risk factor, this review investigates the connections between COVID-19 infection and cardiovascular health

Introduction:  The COVID-19 pandemic, triggered by SARS-CoV-2, has significantly impacted global health, with varying effects across different regions. In India, Tezpur Medical College & Hospital (TMCH) in Assam has been a crucial site for managing COVID-19 patients. Understanding the clinical-epidemiological characteristics in this setting can enhance regional and national healthcare strategies. Objective: This study aims to analyze the demographic profile, clinical features, co-morbidities, treatment modalities, and outcomes of COVID-19 patients admitted to TMCH from January 2020 to December 2020. Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted on data from 1710 COVID-19 patients admitted to TMCH during the study period. Clinical records were reviewed to assess demographic details, clinical manifestations, co-morbidities, treatment approaches, and outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings. Result: Among the 1710 patients, 117 (6.8%) died. The most frequently reported symptoms were fever (85.4%), cough (77.8%), and shortness of breath (71.5%). Co-morbidities were present in 60.2% of patients, with hypertension in 35.2%, diabetes in 30.4%, and cardiovascular diseases in 15.8%. Of the patients with co-morbidities, 18.4% died compared to 2.7% of those without co-morbidities. The average age of deceased patients was 68 years, significantly higher than the average age of survivors (52 years). Treatment included supportive care for 90.1% of patients, oxygen therapy for 58.7%, and antiviral medications for 22.3%. Conclusion: The study highlights significant clinical and demographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients at TMCH. High mortality was associated with co-morbidities and older age. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and resource allocation in similar settings to improve patient outcomes.

Introduction:   Chronic kidney disease (CKD) significantly elevates the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in CKD patients. Understanding the cardiovascular outcomes in this population is crucial for developing effective prevention and management strategies. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the incidence and determinants of cardiovascular events in patients with CKD at the Department of Cardiology, Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India, over a period from June 2018 to December 2023. Method: An observational cohort study was conducted with a sample size of 68 CKD patients. Data were collected on traditional and non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and patients were followed to document major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure. Statistical analyses included the calculation of incidence rates and multivariate regression to identify independent predictors of cardiovascular outcomes. Results: During the study period, 23.5% of the patients experienced a major cardiovascular event. The incidence rates of myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure were 10.3%, 5.9%, and 7.3%, respectively. Significant predictors of cardiovascular events included hypertension (p < 0.01), dyslipidemia (p < 0.05), and elevated levels of inflammatory markers (p < 0.01). CKD progression was also strongly associated with increased cardiovascular risk (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The findings highlight a high incidence of cardiovascular events among CKD patients and underscore the importance of comprehensive cardiovascular risk management in this population. Early identification and intervention for modifiable risk factors are essential to improve cardiovascular outcomes in CKD patients

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a significant health problem worldwide. The unprecedented surge of mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19 is a new emerging challenge. Although a few studies documenting high incidence of mucormycosis in COVID -19 patients have recently emerged in literature, data pertaining to treatment outcomes in such cohorts is lacking. Here, we report our experience in management of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients at our tertiary care centre. Materials and methods: We prospectively enrolled and analyzed 70 post-COVID-19 patients who presented with the invasive mucormycosis of the head and neck region. Clinical and histology details were noted in predesigned forms. Various histology variables were graded from I to III to propose a scoring system for the severity of the disease. Result: A male predominance (86%) was observed with a male to female ratio of 2.8:1 at an age range of 26–75 years (mean age 46.8 ± 11 years). All patients had a history of COVID-19 disease in the last 2 months. Maximum cases (94.3%) presented within 20 days of COVID-19 treatment/ recovery. All patients presented with one or other local or constitutional symptoms or signs. The most common complaint at the time of presentation was local facial pain (92.9%), swelling of the cheek (67.1%), and eye pain with periorbital swelling (35.7%). Conclusion: Mucormycosis is a rare but fatal fungal infection that should be kept in mind in covid 19 recovered patients especially those who have uncontrolled diabetes and treated with corticosteroids. Timely diagnosis by histomorphological assessment supported with special stains is the cornerstone to prevent an adverse clinical outcome.

Background: In the second wave of Covid-19 structural involvement of the heart (isolated) especially in young adults became an established entity. Ante mortem templates for diagnosis based on echocardiography and strain imaging (which correlated with earlier post mortem findings and CMR slides) proved to be sensitive and specific. Paediatric referral of children with isolated unexplained pain chest prompted to study these patients. Because with each successive wave the age of incidence is lowered. In this study we aim to establish that children also can be diagnosed like young adults. In this study we aim to document similarities and differences in findings found in echocardiography and AFI compared to young adults. We also aim to highlight that it is as specific and sensitive as was found in adults Methods: 50 patients of the age group of 8± 2 years who presented with chest pain (unexplained by clinical and routine examination) and those patients who complained of recent onset of decreased effort tolerance were also included. All patients underwent clinical examination, ECG, echocardiography, strain imaging and estimation of inflammatory markers especially D Dimer. All patients underwent TTE and AFI by vivid T9 ultra (G.E healthcare Chicago USA). All the test were done at presentation and repeated after two months and six months Results: At the presentation ECG showed poor R wave progression in anteroseptal leads. D Dimers were significantly raised (3-4 folds). Echo showed thinned out septal endothelium with SEC in basal and mid cavity of left ventricle confirmed with another echo view of LV. SEC was absent in other chambers. No clots were seen. SEC was present in all patients and served as a mandatory diagnostic criterion. SEC was not seen in young adults. Thinning of septum produced an operculum like appearance in the SAX view. Apico-lateral, antero-septal and antero-lateral hypokinesis was observed. 4CH auto EF was reduced by 10% c.f 2CH AFI revealed mild reduced PGLS and reduced regional strain in apical-lateral segment. PSD PSI values near normal. Repeat echo and AFI after six months revealed resolution of SEC, repair of endothelium and recovery of hypo kinetic segment and improved EF of 4 CH Conclusion: Specific patterns of cardiac involvement can be detected on echocardiography and AFI. Documentation of SEC in LV is a mandatory criterion in diagnosis unlike young adults. Echocardiography and AFI can be used as a reliable tool for diagnosis of COVID Heart in the paediatric population also.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic had been uniquely challenging for the general as well as pregnant and postpartum women. Uncontrollable stress arising due to its high infectivity has exacerbated risk for maternal depression and anxiety, in turn leading to adverse mother and child outcomes. The aim of present study was therefore to assess the psychological responses of Covid 19 pandemic in pregnancy and post –partum women. Methods: The current study was a questionnaire based cross sectional study done for one year, in a tertiary care hospital of Northern India. After getting ethical clearance from university ethical committee a face-to-face interview using three scales namely Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item Scale (GAD-7), Hamilton depression score (HAM-D), Fear ofcovid 19 scale was applied on 192 pregnant and and post –partum women who visited hospital and their response was assessed. Responses were calculated as scores as used in validated questionnaires and were categorized accordingly. Results: Responses of total 192 patients included in the study (cases/covid positive=96 and control/covi negative=96), it was found that overall anxiety was more prevalent in Covid positive group as compared to covid negative group with 53% of cases had severe anxiety. Hamilton depression scale used to assess depression showed that depression was also more prevalent in covid positive group as compared to covid negative group with distribution of Severe, and Very Severe depression in 26.04%, and 35.42% in case group respectively. Fear was more prevalent in case group as compared to covid negative group with the percentage distribution of mild and severe fear to be 20.83% and 79.17% in case and in control group the percentage distribution being 83.33% and 16.67%. This difference in the two groups was also found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Anxiety, depression and fear was significantly more prevalent in the covid positive pregnant and post - partum women however control group was also not free from anxiety, depression and fear due to Covid 19.

Background: The laboratory hematological and inflammatory biochemical markers may help to predict COVID-19 prognosis. Many studies were pinpointed various prognostic markers, including D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin, in serum of COVID-19 patients with poor outcomes. Deep analysis of abnormal levels of such factors and the interface between their functions in the organs of the body and mechanisms of viral infection can provide the basis for first-line diagnosis as an efficient screening tool to predict the severity of the disease. Thus our study was planned to evaluate the hematological and inflammatory biochemical parameters to rule out the severity of the SARS Covid-19 among the affected patients in our set up. Research Question: Is  there any difference of Hematological, biochemical and radiological abnormalities between survived and non survived patients affected with SARS - COVID 2 Pneumonia?  The setting of the study was at Department of General Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Pondicherry.  A six months observational study was conducted during the period from January, 2021 to June, 2021 on about 240 SARS Covid-19 patients admitted during the above period in the department of General Medicine by studying their socio-demographic profiles, CBP, LFT, RFT, Serum electrolytes, Serum albumin, RBS & HbA1C, D-dimer and CT- Severity score etc; .Results: Majority (74%) of the study subjects were belong to 50 years and above age group with the mean age 58.5 years      and males (64%) were more when compared to females (36%) in this study. And also it was noticed that, the ratio of male & female was same among both the survivers and non survivors groups. Significantly (P<0.05) about 52.5% of study subjects of Non survivors group fall under severe ARDS when compared to survivors group (15.3%) basing on the NLR report. Also it was observed that significantly (P>0.05) about 70.8%% of study subjects of Non survivors group fall under severe ARDS when compared to survivors group (12.1%) basing on the PF ratio. Furthur with reference to Hematological and Biochemical inflammatory parameters significant results of differences were observed among Total count, Platelet count, Ferritin, LDH, D-dimer, Serum creatinine, Liver function tests of ALP,ALT & AST and Serum electrolytes (Sodium & Potassium) etc; between both the groups of Non survivors and Survivors.

Venous thrombosis is uncommon cause of stroke as compared to arterial occlusions, but it is an important consideration because of its potential morbidity and increasing incidence especially in current covid era. Historically comparatively low incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis {CVT} is approximately at 0.2 to 0.5 per 100000 per year while the mortality of CVT probably varied between 20%-50%. Standard medical management for CVT is hydration and systemic anticoagulation with heparin at therapeutic dosage, even in patients with an intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) i.e., Venous hemorrhagic infarct at baseline along with watchful monitoring for seizures & raised Intracranial Tension (ICT) and fundoscopy to monitor Papilledema. There are few cases that do not respond to standard of care with medical management & with progressive CVT leading to poor outcomes with resultant ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral edema, mass effect and death.  Endovascular options has been in vogue in recent decade, including intra-venous application of thrombolytic agents and/or mechanical thrombectomy for patients with Major venous sinus thrombosis without large hematoma & significant  midline shift that necessitates emergency decompressive craniotomy  and those with Altered Sensorium (Glasgow Coma scale < 10)/ Refractory to anticoagulation with progressive disease or neurologic deterioration (deterioration on Glasgow Coma Scale ) refractory to anti- coagulation therapy or with new deterioration of symptoms or worsening of ICH or Haemorrage despite standard medical management. We present our unique experience of venous stroke patients in covid era that underwent endovascular salvage for major cortical venous sinus thrombosis & technical note on direct jugular vein accesses intervention utilizing peripheral hardware.

Background: The present understanding of COVID-19 and its therapeutic management is limited.  Clinicians were looking for the best treatment options for COVID-19 patients to control this disease by using experimentally tested therapies and drug repurposing. Materials and methods: The present retrospective study comprises four treatment groups, G1 (Hydroxychloroquine (HCQS)), G2 (Ivermectin combination with Doxycycline), G3 (Favipiravir) and G4 (Ivermectin combination with HCQS).  120 patients were included with a median age of 40.53±11.35 years. Routine blood investigations and chest radiograph were done. Results: The median interval from illness onset to viral clearance was lower in G1 6.8 ± 1.47 and G4 7.23 ± 0.85 as compared to G2 8.67 ± 1.97 and G3 9.97±2.773 days. In study, G1 had taken less time in becoming asymptomatic with treatment as compared to G2, G3 and G4. ROC analysis was performed in comparison to G1 group against the G2, G3 & G4 the AUC, sensitivity and specificity showed better results in comparison to G2 group against the G3 & G4 and G3 group against G4 for all the three parameters. Conclusion: The study concluded that low-dose hydroxychloroquine drug helps in diminishing the viral load as well as cytokine storm in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed significant challenges, particularly for individuals with underlying health conditions such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Understanding the interplay between T2DM and COVID-19 severity is crucial, given the contradictory findings regarding diabetes as a comorbidity affecting COVID-19 outcomes. This study aims to investigate the clinical relationship between T2DM and COVID-19 to fill the knowledge gap and inform better treatment strategies. Objective: To compare the clinical outcomes, laboratory parameters, and complications of COVID-19 between patients with and without T2DM.Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at SCB Medical College and Hospital, Cuttack, including 180 COVID-19 patients (90 with T2DM and 90 non- diabetic) admitted between September 2020 and September 2021. Data on demographics, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, and outcomes were collected. Statistical analyses included the Chi-Square Test for categorical data and Spearman’s Correlation Coefficient for continuous data, using SPSS software version 26. Results: The mean age was slightly higher in diabetic patients (52.2 years) compared to non-diabetic patients (49.67 years), with a male predominance in both groups. Diabetic patients exhibited more severe disease (78.9%) compared to non-diabetics (64.4%) with a significant association between diabetes and COVID-19 severity (Χ² = 7.2053, p = 0.0273). Laboratory analysis showed higher Random Blood Sugar (RBS) and C-Reactive Protein (CRP) levels in diabetics. Significant differences were observed in SGPT and inflammatory markers (LDH, D-dimer, ferritin, and procalcitonin), indicating heightened inflammatory response in diabetics. Complications such as acute kidney injury (AKI), sepsis, and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) were more prevalent in diabetic patients, with higher mortality rates (OR=2.55, 95% CI=1.27-5.09, p=0.007). Conclusion: T2DM significantly exacerbates the severity and complications of COVID-19, highlighting the need for tailored clinical management for diabetic patients during the pandemic. Further research is required to explore underlying mechanisms and improve therapeutic strategies for this high-risk group.

Background: India has reported a recent surge in Mucormycosis cases. Mucormycosis is a rare, life-threatening fungal infection having an increased incidence during this COVID-19 pandemic, especially in the second wave in India. Number of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis cases Post COVID-19 infection increased in Ahmednagar.  Aims and Objectives: To study the early contact of mucormycosis infection after covid positive test. To study the relation of D-Dimer, C-Reactive protein, Sr. Ferritin, blood group and HbA1c to mucormycosis infection. To study the incidence of death rate in mucormycosis patient. Materials and Methods: This retrospective clinical analysis includes data collection of 30 patients from tertiary care hospital located in Ahmednagar district of Maharashtra, India from 1st May, 2021 to 31st August, 2021. All these were post COVID-19 patients presented after varying number of days postinfection and had undergone indoor treatment at various hospitals. Results: We had majority of the patients with blood group O+ 13 cases (43.33%), followed by A+ 9 cases (30%) and B+ 6 cases (20%). KOH mount showed Zygomycetes fungus in all specimens. Debridement was done in 22 patients (73.33%). There were 10 deaths in our study participants (33.33%). We observed a significant difference in Serum ferritin levels (p = 0.048) and HbA1c levels (p = 0.017) in patients who had died of Mucormycosis as compared to those who survived. Conclusion: Close correlation was observed between rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis, diabetes mellitus and Serum Ferritin level in COVID-19 positive patients. Possible follow up and larger sample size will be needed to justify these results more.

The long-term cardiovascular effects of COVID-19 have emerged as a significant concern in post-pandemic healthcare. COVID-19 affects multiple organ systems, but its impact on cardiovascular health extends beyond acute infection. Several studies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 induces direct myocardial injury, persistent inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction, leading to long-term cardiovascular complications. This systematic review evaluates recent studies on the impact of COVID-19 on cardiovascular health, including complications such as myocarditis, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, and long-term vascular dysfunction. Using PRISMA guidelines, 50 peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2024 were analyzed to assess the pathophysiological mechanisms, risk factors, clinical manifestations, and potential treatment strategies associated with post-COVID-19 cardiovascular complications. Findings indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to endothelial dysfunction, persistent inflammation, and myocardial injury, increasing the risk of long-term cardiovascular diseases. The presence of chronic inflammation and immune dysregulation even after recovery further complicates the disease trajectory. Identifying high-risk populations and implementing targeted interventions are crucial to mitigating adverse outcomes. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies to establish standardized protocols for cardiovascular risk assessment and management in COVID-19 survivors, with emphasis on prevention and early intervention strategies

Post-infectious syndromes in pediatric populations are a significant medical concern due to their potential to cause prolonged and multisystem symptoms. These conditions, such as post-COVID-19 condition (PCC) and Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal infections (PANDAS), can persist well beyond the acute infection phase. This article explores the clinical presentations of common post-infectious syndromes in children, their underlying mechanisms, and the long-term effects on adult health. We focus on the transition of symptoms from childhood into adulthood, including persistent fatigue, cognitive difficulties, cardiovascular complications, and psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the increased risk of developing chronic conditions such as autoimmune diseases and cardiovascular issues is discussed. The article also highlights the challenges in diagnosing and managing these syndromes, emphasizing the need for long-term follow-up and multidisciplinary care to mitigate adult health consequences. Early diagnosis and targeted interventions are critical to minimizing the long-term impact of these post-infectious syndromes

Background: Post-COVID sequelae in young adults have garnered significant attention, particularly regarding cardiopulmonary recovery. This study aims to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on resting oxygen saturation and exercise tolerance in young adults. Methods: An observational study was conducted between March 2020 and June 2020 involving 100 young adults (aged 18–35 years) who had recovered from mild to moderate COVID-19. Baseline demographic data, resting oxygen saturation (SpO₂), and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) performance were recorded. Post-exercise desaturation (≥4% drop in SpO₂), fatigue scores, and heart rate changes were analyzed. Symptomatology was assessed via self-reported outcomes. Results: The mean age was 26.8 ± 4.9 years with 58% males. Mean BMI was 24.6 ± 3.2 kg/m². Average resting SpO₂ was 96.4% ± 1.8; 12 participants (12%) had SpO₂ < 95%. The mean 6MWT distance was 465.3 ± 54.7 meters. A ≥4% SpO₂ drop was observed in 28% of participants. These individuals exhibited lower resting SpO₂, reduced walk distance (430.6 ± 48.1 meters vs. 478.2 ± 50.3 meters, p < 0.01), and higher fatigue scores (6.3 ± 1.7 vs. 4.5 ± 1.5, p < 0.01). Persistent fatigue and exertional dyspnea were reported in 37% and 29% respectively. Conclusion: A significant proportion of young adults exhibit post-COVID impairments in oxygen saturation and exercise tolerance, even after mild to moderate infection. These findings highlight the need for post-recovery monitoring and rehabilitation strategies in this population.

The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a concerning rise in mucormycosis cases, particularly in India, where the indiscriminate use of corticosteroids and high prevalence of diabetes have created a perfect storm for this life-threatening fungal infection. This dual health crisis has placed immense strain on healthcare systems, necessitating urgent investigation. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to assess the incidence of mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients, identify key risk factors, and evaluate clinical outcomes to inform better prevention and management strategies. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 24 confirmed mucormycosis cases at a tertiary care center in northern India. Diagnosis was established through microbiological culture, histopathological examination, and clinical correlation. Demographic data, COVID-19 status, and treatment outcomes were systematically analyzed. Results: Rhinocerebral mucormycosis (RCOM) was the predominant presentation (87.5%, n=21), with a male predominance (58.3%, n=14) and peak incidence in the 51–60-year age group (45.8%, n=11). Strikingly, 75% (n=18) of cases were COVID-19 positive, highlighting a strong association between the two infections. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the need for judicious steroid use, stringent glycemic control, and early diagnostic vigilance in COVID-19 patients. Public health measures must prioritize awareness campaigns, enhanced surveillance, and prompt medical intervention to mitigate this emerging syndemic

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a major healthcare problem around the world, with significantly higher morbidity and mortality in patients with coexisting conditions such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension (1). As zinc deficiency results in altered numbers and dysfunction of all immune cells, subjects with suboptimal zinc state have an increased risk for infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, and cancer (5-8).    Aim & Objectives: To estimate the serum levels of zinc and CRP (C-reactive protein) in COVID-19 positive patients and to correlate serum zinc levels with CRP in COVID- 19 positive patients. Materials and Methods: Total of 86 patients who were COVID-19 positive by RTPCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) were included in the study. 5 ml of venous blood is collected, serum separated and utilized for the estimation of serum zinc and CRP by fully automated analyser according to the instructions provided in the kit by the manufacturer. Results: The mean value of serum zinc (97.53 mcg/dl) in male patients is more when compared to the mean value (87.11 mcg/dl) in female patients and the difference is not statistically significant (p =0.26). The mean value of CRP in male patients(2.14 mg/dl )  is lower than the mean value in female patients (3.15mg/dl) and the difference is not statistically significant (p=0.168).The mean value of serum in zinc in patients with age >50 years (100.22 mcg/dl) is more when compared to the mean value of patients with age group <50 years (85.68 mcg/dl)  and the difference is  not statistically significant (p=0.121).The mean value of CRP in patients with age >50 years (2.91 mg/dl) is slightly more when compared to the mean value of patients with age <50 years (2.39 mg/dl) and the difference is not statistically  significant (p=0.480). Conclusion: The present study showed that the mean value of serum zinc is high and CRP is low in male patients compared to the female patients, the mean value of zinc is high in patients with age >50 years than in patients with age <50 years. Further research is required considering a large sample size and other comorbidities.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges, especially for individuals with underlying comorbidities. Among these, metabolic syndrome (MetS) — characterized by central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance — has emerged as a key determinant of adverse outcomes. This study aims to prospectively assess the long-term post-COVID complications in patients with pre-existing MetS, focusing on cardiometabolic, respiratory, and neuropsychiatric sequelae. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted across three tertiary healthcare centres in India. A total of 300 patients aged 30–65 years with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and pre-existing MetS (as per IDF criteria) were enrolled. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-recovery. Clinical outcomes including new-onset type 2 diabetes, exacerbation of hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, persistent fatigue, and cognitive decline were evaluated using structured clinical assessments, laboratory tests, and imaging modalities. A control group of 200 COVID-19-recovered patients without MetS was also followed for comparison. Results: At 12 months follow-up, 42.3% of patients in the MetS group reported persistent fatigue compared to 18.5% in the control group (p<0.01). New-onset type 2 diabetes was observed in 26.7% of MetS patients versus 8.0% in controls (p<0.001). Pulmonary complications such as reduced DLCO and fibrotic changes were documented in 33.1% of MetS cases and 14.5% of controls (p<0.05). Neurocognitive issues, including memory deficits and anxiety, were more prevalent in the MetS group (38.5%) than in controls (21.0%) (p=0.02). Conclusion: Individuals with pre-existing metabolic syndrome are at significantly increased risk of developing long-term post-COVID complications, including cardiometabolic dysfunction, chronic respiratory impairment, and neuropsychiatric disturbances. These findings highlight the need for tailored post-COVID monitoring and management strategies in this high-risk population.

Background: COVID-19 vaccination has been a cornerstone in controlling the pandemic. Medical interns, being future healthcare providers, play a vital role in advocating for vaccination and public health measures. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding COVID-19 vaccination among medical interns across multiple institutions. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional, multi-center survey was conducted across five tertiary medical colleges in India. A pre-validated, self-administered questionnaire comprising 25 items related to COVID-19 vaccine knowledge (10 items), attitudes (8 items), and practices (7 items) was distributed electronically. A total of 520 medical interns were invited, with 476 valid responses analyzed. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize data, and chi-square tests were applied to identify associations between variables. Results Out of 476 participants, 68.5% demonstrated high knowledge scores (≥8/10), while 21.4% had moderate scores (5–7). Positive attitudes toward vaccination were observed in 79.2% of interns, with 84.7% agreeing that healthcare workers should promote vaccination. Regarding practice, 91.6% had received at least two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, and 73.5% had encouraged family or peers to get vaccinated. A statistically significant association was found between higher knowledge scores and positive practices (p<0.01). Conclusion The study revealed that most medical interns possess good knowledge and favorable attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination, which translated into appropriate vaccination practices. However, targeted interventions are required to address existing gaps and reinforce vaccine advocacy training among interns.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).  Aims: To understand the correlation of early chest ct scan with recovery of covid 19 positive patients. To know the importance of chest ct scan in Managing the severity of covid 19 infection. Materials & Methods: The present study was a Retrospective and prospective case control study. This Study was conducted from Twenty four months, Assam. Total 243 patients were included in this study. Result: In our study, 144 (59.3%) patients had Bilateral and 99 (40.7%) patients had unilateral lung involvement. In our study, 172 (70.8%) patients had negative antigen test and 172(70.8%) patients had positive antigen test. In our study, 70 (28.8%) patients had negative RTPCR and 173(71.2%) patients had positive RTPCR. Conclusion: This study highlights the diverse CT patterns observed in COVID-19 patients, with ground-glass opacities (GGO), crazy paving patterns, and GGO with consolidation being the most common abnormalities.

Background: MMR is an important indicator in assessing the development of a country. In India, MMR in 2020 statistics is 97 per 1 lakh live births. It used to be 384 per 1 lakh live births in 2000 and is declining now. MMR in south india is less compared to northern counterparts. Andhra Pradesh ranks 4th in lowest MMR rates. Most Common Cause of maternal deaths is hemorrhage followed by COVID pneumonia followed by sepsis. The decline in MMR is contributed to significant betterment in health care facilities and multidisciplinary approach. The recommended SDG goals is 70 per 1 lakh by 2030 1,5. So, it is essential to identify the lacunae and causative factors to take appropriate measures to real our goal. Aim: Analysis of incidence of different causes of maternal mortality and their declining trend. Objective: To address the declining trends in Maternal Mortality Rates in a Teritiary care hospital , Government General Hospital, Kakinada Assess incidence of different causes of maternal deaths Methodology: It is a retrospective observational study conducted in the Department of OBG, Government General Hospital attached to Rangaraya Medical College for a period of 60 months from December 2019 to December 2024. Results: A total of 171 maternal deaths which occured from november 2019 to november 2024 are studied and categorized into different causative factors.The most common cause of maternal deaths is hemorrhage i.e. 69 cases(40.3%) followed by covid pneumonia 34 cases(19.8%) followed by sepsis 30 cases(17.5%). The most common cause of maternal deaths due to hemorrhage is atonic PPH followed by ectopic pregnancy. Primigravida are more susceptible to these adverse events. Conclusion: Hemorrhage still remains as the most leading cause of death in pregnant women, while the overall mortality rate has been reduced due to improved health care, adequate availability of blood and blood products and prompt referral.

Background: Long COVID, also known as post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is characterized by persistent symptoms affecting multiple organ systems beyond the acute phase. These include respiratory dysfunction, neurological deficits, and psychological disturbances, severely impairing quality of life. The complexity of this syndrome necessitates a multidisciplinary approach for effective diagnosis and management. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of an integrated care model involving pulmonology, neurology, and psychological assessment in patients with Long COVID. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 patients (aged 20–65 years) diagnosed with Long COVID (symptoms persisting >12 weeks post-infection) were enrolled. Participants underwent comprehensive evaluations: pulmonary function tests (spirometry, DLCO), neurological assessments (cognitive function via MoCA scale, neuropathy screening), and psychological evaluation (using GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores). Patients were then managed with individualized multidisciplinary interventions for 12 weeks, including pulmonary rehabilitation, neurocognitive therapy, and psychological counseling. Clinical outcomes were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks. Results: At baseline, 72% of patients had reduced DLCO values (<80%), 58% demonstrated mild cognitive impairment, and 66% showed moderate to severe anxiety/depression symptoms. After 12 weeks of integrated care, 80% of patients exhibited significant improvement in DLCO (>10% increase, p < 0.001), 67% showed improvement in MoCA scores by an average of 3 points (p = 0.002), and 74% reported reduced GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores (p < 0.001). Patient-reported quality of life (measured via EQ-5D-5L) improved significantly in 82% of cases. Conclusion: Multidisciplinary management of Long COVID, incorporating pulmonary, neurological, and psychological interventions, significantly improves clinical and functional outcomes. This approach highlights the importance of integrative care in addressing the complex, multisystemic nature of post-COVID syndromes.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe respiratory failure. Inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), D-dimer, and Ferritin have been recognized as important indicators of disease severity and prognosis. This study is aimed to evaluate the levels of these biomarkers in COVID-19-positive patients and correlate them with demographic parameters and clinical outcomes. Methods: A Retrospective Observational Study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Central Laboratory, RGSSH, OPEC, RIMS, Raichur, from June 2021 to May  2022. A total of 400 COVID-19-positive patients were included. Data on CRP, D-Dimer, and Ferritin levels were collected and analyzed concerning gender, age group, and clinical outcome (ICU vs. ward admission). Results: Of the 400 patients, 58.3% were male and 41.7% were female. The majority belonged to the age group of 41–60 years. Statistically significantly higher levels of CRP (p = 0.02) and D-dimer (p < 0.001) were observed in ICU patients compared to ward patients, while the difference in ferritin levels was not statistically significant (p=0.142). There was no significant association of biomarker levels with gender. However, D-dimer levels showed a significant correlation with age (p = 0.004), with the highest levels in patients above 80 years. Conclusion: Elevated CRP and D-dimer levels are significantly associated with severe COVID-19 infection and ICU admission. These biomarkers may serve as valuable tools for the early identification of high-risk patients, aiding in timely clinical decision-making. Regular monitoring of these markers is recommended to improve patient outcomes.

Background: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, exhibits a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic infection to severe disease requiring intensive care. Hematological and biochemical parameters are valuable tools for assessing disease severity and guiding clinical management. Objective: To evaluate and compare hematological and biochemical parameters in COVID-19 positive patients based on gender and admission status (ICU vs  Non - ICU). Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 477 COVID-19 RT-PCR positive patients admitted at Rajiv Gandhi Super Speciality Hospital (RGSSH) , OPEC , Raichur Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) , Raichur, a tertiary care hospital between June 2021 and May 2022. Demographic, hematological, and biochemical data were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and independent t-tests. Results: Of the 477 patients, 61% were male and 39% female. ICU admissions accounted for 44.9% of cases. ICU patients had significantly higher neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), total leukocyte count (TLC), and neutrophil percentage, and lower lymphocyte and monocyte percentages compared to Non-ICU patients (p < 0.05). Liver function parameters, including bilirubin, transaminases, albumin, and LDH, did not show statistically significant differences between ICU and Non-ICU patients or between genders. Conclusion: Hematological parameters, especially NLR, TLC, and Differential Counts, showed significant variations with disease severity, supporting their role as accessible prognostic markers. Liver function parameters did not significantly correlate with disease severity or gender in this cohort.

Introduction: Co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19 poses a significant threat to public health, especially in TB-endemic countries like India. The interaction between these two respiratory infections may lead to worse clinical outcomes. Understanding the factors that influence the severity of COVID-19 in TB patients is essential for effective management. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 132 TB patients diagnosed with COVID-19 at a tertiary care hospital in Kalaburagi, Karnataka, from January to June 2022. Demographic and clinical data including comorbidities, TB history, chest radiographic findings, vaccination status, and COVID-19 outcomes were collected. COVID-19 severity was classified as per MOHFW guidelines. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests and logistic regression to identify predictors of severe disease. Results: Out of 132 patients, 45 (34.1%) developed moderate-to-severe COVID-19. Factors significantly associated with severity included age >60 years (OR=3.2, 95% CI: 1.4–7.3), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.2–6.0), and cavitary pulmonary TB (OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.1–7.5). COVID-19 vaccination was associated with reduced severity (OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.18–0.98). Discussion: The severity of COVID-19 in TB patients is significantly influenced by age, comorbidities, and lung damage due to TB. These findings highlight the importance of targeted interventions and prioritization of vaccination in TB patients to mitigate poor outcomes.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has had a worldwide impact on the population and heath care systems. Coronavirus pandemic has seen the introduction of novel methods of delivering education to medical students using various platforms such as Zoom. The present study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of online learning among medical students during COVID-19. Materials and methods:  This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Physiology, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. This was a questionnaire-based study and the questions were based on a pre-validated questionnaire from a study done in UK. The questions included general information of the student and related to advantages and disadvantages of online learning during COVID-19. There were 20 questions and were of various styles including 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Few questions had single answer and few had multiple answers. This study invited 300 undergraduate medical students belonging to 2nd year, 3rd and final year during 2022. In this study, a total of 270 undergraduate medical students were participated, among them, 2nd year students were 94, 3rd year students were 96 and final year students were 80. Informed consent was obtained from all the study participants. Data was downloaded from google form in Microsoft excel and was used for analysis.  Results: Out of 270 students, females were 159 (58.8%) and males were 111 (41.1%). Before COVID-19 pandemic, 95 (35.1%) of the students never used online platforms for learning whereas 86 (31.8%) were using to some extent and 87 (32.2%) were using to great extent. When students were asked about most effective method of online learning, their first priority was combined videos and tutorials then followed by you tube videos and live tutorials alone. When they were asked if teaching was stimulating, 46 (17%) of them disagreed, 148 (54.8%) were neutral and 76 (28%) students agreed to that. When asked if it was easy to concentrate on online lectures, 120 (44.4%) strongly disagreed, 81 (30%) were neutral and 69 (25.5%) agreed to that. Students felt 121 (44.8%) free to ask doubts during online lectures than offline. Majority of the students around 168 (62.2%) disagreed that online teaching was as effective as offline teaching and also around 151 (55.9%) of them preferred offline teaching. When students were asked to choose the advantageous aspects of online learning, most of them (82%) opted for no travel, 50% of them said that they were more comfortable and were able to learn at own pace. Some students also felt that it was more flexible and cost saving. Among various options provided for barriers to online learning, majority of them had problems with internet connection and many had family distractions. Lack of devices, lack of space and anxiety were other barriers faced by the students. Majority of the students (38.8%) felt that online learning cannot replace the clinical teaching by direct patient contact whereas 33% of them said it has replaced only to some extent, 15% agreed that it replaced to great extent and only 12% of them opined that online learning can completely replace offline clinical teaching.  In this, 41% of the students were not able to learn clinical skills through online demonstrations whereas 47% were able to learn only to some extent and 10% of them to great extent. Conclusion: The present study may conclude that majority of the students used online platform during COVID 19. Online teaching has enabled the continuation of medical education during these unprecedented times. Moving forward from this pandemic, in order to maximise the benefits of both face-to-face and online teaching and to improve the efficacy of medical education in the future.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents with a wide clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic illness to severe respiratory failure. Identifying reliable biomarkers to predict disease severity remains critical, especially in resource-constrained settings. Serum ferritin, an acute-phase reactant, has emerged as a potential marker reflecting systemic inflammation and disease progression. Objective: To evaluate the correlation between serum ferritin levels and disease severity in patients with COVID-19 and to assess its association with demographic factors, comorbidities, and other inflammatory markers. Methods: This hospital-based, observational, cross-sectional study was conducted over one year at a tertiary care center in Central India. Eighty RT-PCR-confirmed adult COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Serum ferritin and inflammatory markers (CRP, IL-6, D-Dimer) were measured within 24 hours of admission. Patients were categorized into mild, moderate, and severe groups based on MoHFW guidelines. Statistical analysis included ANOVA, t-tests, and Pearson correlation using SPSS software. Results: The mean age of patients was 51.2 ± 14.6 years, with 45 males and 35 females. A significant rise in serum ferritin levels was observed across increasing severity groups (mild: 210 ± 45 ng/mL; moderate: 460 ± 110 ng/mL; severe: 890 ± 185 ng/mL). Male patients showed consistently higher ferritin levels than females within each severity category. Ferritin levels correlated positively with CRP, IL-6, and D-Dimer, all of which also rose progressively with disease severity. Conclusion: Serum ferritin levels are significantly associated with disease severity and inflammatory burden in COVID-19 patients. As a readily available biomarker, ferritin can aid early risk stratification and guide clinical decision-making. However, further multicentric studies are warranted to validate these findings and explore ferritin’s mechanistic role in COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Background: Mucormycosis, a life-threatening fungal infection caused by Mucorales, witnessed a surge during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Accurate and timely identification of the etiological agent is crucial for effective management. Aim: This study compares conventional mycological methods with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of fungal isolates in clinically suspected COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Methods: A total of 100 biopsy samples from suspected CAM cases were analyzed using KOH/Calcofluor staining, cultured on SDA/DRBC, and identified using both conventional techniques and MALDI-TOF MS. Patient demographics, risk factors, and clinical profiles were documented. Results: Most patients were middle-aged males (77%) with diabetes (97%). Rhizopus spp. was the predominant genus (44%). MALDI-TOF achieved 100% concordance with conventional methods at the genus level and identified R. microsporus (40%) and R. arrhizus (32%) as the most common species. One isolate identified as A. flavus conventionally was reclassified as A. ochraceous by MALDI-TOF. Conclusion: MALDI-TOF offers a rapid and reliable means of species-level identification of filamentous fungi, enhancing our understanding of molecular epidemiology and supporting targeted antifungal therapy.

Background: Long COVID, characterized by persistent symptoms following acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, poses a significant public health challenge. Vitamin D deficiency, prevalent globally, has been implicated in immune dysregulation and inflammatory processes, potentially influencing the development and severity of Long COVID. This study aimed to investigate the association between vitamin D deficiency at hospital discharge and the incidence and severity of Long COVID symptoms in post-hospitalized patients. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted involving 350 adult patients hospitalized for COVID-19. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels were measured at hospital discharge. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL. Participants were followed up at 6 months post-discharge to assess for the presence and severity of Long COVID symptoms using a standardized questionnaire encompassing fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive dysfunction, and musculoskeletal pain. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between vitamin D deficiency and Long COVID, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, comorbidities, and disease severity during hospitalization. Results: At hospital discharge, 185 (52.9%) patients were vitamin D deficient. At 6-month follow-up, 196 (56%) patients reported at least one Long COVID symptom. Vitamin D deficient patients had a significantly higher prevalence of Long COVID (68.1%) compared to vitamin D sufficient patients (42.9%) (p < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, vitamin D deficiency was independently associated with an increased risk of Long COVID (Adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 2.35, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.48-3.72). Furthermore, vitamin D deficient patients reported significantly higher severity scores for fatigue (p = 0.012) and cognitive dysfunction (p = 0.035). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency at hospital discharge is independently associated with an increased risk and severity of Long COVID symptoms at 6-month follow-up in post-hospitalized COVID-19 patients. These findings suggest that vitamin D status may be a modifiable risk factor for Long COVID, warranting further investigation into the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in this population.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, has had a significant global impact, particularly in critically ill patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission. In India, the second most populated country, COVID-19 has resulted in millions of infections and hundreds of thousands of deaths. This study aims to analyze the clinical profile and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to a tertiary health care center in central India, specifically at Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government Medical College, Vidisha (M.P.). Materials and Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted on critically ill COVID-19 patients admitted to the COVID ICU at ABVGMC Vidisha from September 2020 to December 2020. Patients aged 18 years and above, who tested positive for COVID-19 via RT-PCR and met the criteria for critical illness (e.g., respiratory rate >30 cycles/min, tachycardia >120/min, hypotension BP <90/60 mmHg, SpO2 <95%), were included. Data on patient demographics, clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, treatment protocols, and outcomes were collected from medical records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with categorical variables compared using the chi-square test and continuous variables analyzed using the Student’s t-test. Results: A total of 150 critically ill COVID-19 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 58 ± 12 years, with 65% being male. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (45%) and diabetes mellitus (38%). On admission, 85% of patients presented with dyspnea, 70% with fever, and 60% with cough. Laboratory findings showed lymphocytopenia in 55% of patients and elevated D-dimer levels in 60%. The overall mortality rate in the ICU was 35%, with the remaining patients either recovering or continuing to receive care. Factors associated with poor outcomes included older age, presence of comorbidities, and higher levels of inflammatory markers. Conclusion: The study highlights the severe impact of COVID-19 on critically ill patients, with a significant mortality rate observed in the ICU. Identifying key clinical features and outcomes can aid in better management and resource allocation in similar settings. This study is the first of its kind in Vidisha district and provides valuable insights for improving patient care in the region.